General Biology Reviewer

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BASIC STUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIVING ORGANISMS

MAKE UP LIVING THINGS AND CARRY OUT ACTIVITIES THAT KEEP A LIVING THING ALIVE

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CELL

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BRITISH SCIENTIST

EXAMINED A PIECE OF CORK AND FOUND A LITTLE STRUCTURES IN IT WHICH COMPARE TO CELLULAE

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ROBERT HOOKE (1665)

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ROBERT HOOKE NAMED THIS STRUCTURES CALLED?

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CELLS

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DUTCH SCIENTIST

EXAMINED DIFFERENT SUBJECTS USING REFINED MICROSCOPE THAN THAT OF A HOOKE

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ANTON VAN LEUWENHOEK (1600s)

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is a collection of ideas and conclusion from many different scientist over time that describes cells and how cells operate.

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CELL THEORY

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Cells vary in shape.

Variation depends mainly upon the function of cells. Some cells like Euglena and Amoeba can change their shape, but most cells have a fixed shape

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SHAPE OF CELL

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Most cells are very small (microscopic), some may be very large (macroscopic).

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CELL VARY IN SHAPE

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SMALLEST CELL

LARGEST CELL

LONGEST CELL

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SPERM CELL 5 micrometer

OVUM CELL 120 micrometer

NERVE CELL 1 meter

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The detailed structure of a cell has been studied under compound microscope and electron microscope. Certain structures can be seen only under an electron microscope. The structure of a cell as seen under an electron microscope is called ultrastructure

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STRUCTURE OF CELL

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are small structures within the cytoplasm that carry out functions necessary to maintain homeostasis in the cell.

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ORGANELLES

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A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

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HOMEOSTASIS

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Semipermeable

composed of phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins and carbohydrates.

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CELL MEMBRANE

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Participate in the transport of materials

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MEMBRANE PROTEINS

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Biggest part of the cell

Site of glycolysis (conversion of glucose to another form), protein and fat synthesis

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CYTOPLASM

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Non-living and outermost covering of a cell (plants & bacteria)

Can be tough, rigid and sometimes flexible Made up of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin may be thin or thick, multilayered structure

Thickness varies from 0-1000 A’

Provide definite shape, strength & rigidity.

Prevents drying up (desiccation) of cells

Helps in controlling cell expansion

Protects cell from external pathogens

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CELL WALL

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semifluid substance where different organelles are suspended.

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CYTOSOL

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CONTAIN THE CELL CHROMOSOMES

The Brain

Largest organelle

Control center of the cellbecause it is where most ofthe genetic processes takeplace. It has several parts

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NUCLEUS

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Control all the cell activities like metabolism,protein synthesis, growth and cell division.

Nucleolus synthesizes ribonucleic acid (RNA)to constitute ribosomes.

Store hereditary information in genes

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FUNCTION OF NUCLEUS

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allow molecules to go in and out of the nucleus.

Allows large molecules pass through like; RNA Ribosomal proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids

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NUCLEAR PORES

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Two layered outer limit of the nucleus separating it from the cytoplasm.

Separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm and provides the structural framework of the nucleus

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NUCLEAR ENVELOPE

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Responsible for ribosome formation

Through the microscope, looks like a large dark spot within the nucleus.

For the production of ribosomes

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NUCLEOLUS

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Membranous system of interconnected tubules which serve as the transport system.

Membrane of endoplasmicreticulum is connected to the nuclear envelope.

A NETWORK OF MEMBRANES INSIDE A CELL THROUGH WHICH PROTEINS AND OTHER MOLECULES MOVE.

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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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PRODUCE PROTEINS

It plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins.

• In pancreas and thedigestive tract proteinsforms of enzymes breakdown food

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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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is an enzyme produced primarily by the pancreas and the salivary glands to help digest carbohydrates.

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AMYLASE

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PRODUCE LIPIDS AND DETOXIFIES THE CELL OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES

is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones.

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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

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CIS FACE

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FORMING FACE

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TRANS FACE

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MATURING FACE

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was first reported about the Golgi body appears as a series of stacked membranes.

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CAMILLO GOLGI

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a cell organelle that helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules.

• named after Camillo Golgi.

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GOLGI BODY

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CLEANING/REMOVING UNWANTTED CELLS OR GARBAGE

CAN HELP IT TO SELF DESTRUSCT IN A PROCESS CALLED PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH OR APOPTOSIS.

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LYSOSOMES

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Single membrane sac filled with liquid or sap (water, sugar and ions)

In animal cells, are temporary, small in size and few in number.

In plant cells, are large and more in number.

May be contractile or non-contractile.

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VACUOLES

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Store various substance including waste products.

Maintain osmotic pressure of the cell.

Store food particles in amoeba cells.

Provide turgidity and rigidity to plant cells

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FUNCTION OF VACUOLES

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generate most of the chemical energy (ATP) needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions

Only inherited through the mother

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MITOCHONDRIA

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a colorless fluid surrounds several grana

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STROMA

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green pigment captures light energy for photosynthesis

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CHLOROPHYLL

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space inside the thylakoid – sites for several reactions during photosynthesis

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LUMEN

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Are plastids that produce and store pigments.

•They are responsible for different colors found in leaves, fruits,flowers and vegetables.

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CHROMOPLAST

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is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

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RIBOSOME

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is a structure that helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization, and it also provides mechanical support that enables cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement

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CYTOSKELETON

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are organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism,reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signaling.

have a lipid bilayer membrane that controls what enters and exits them.

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PEROXISOMES

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cell-to-cell communicationof both small molecules andmacromolecules (proteins and RNA)

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PLASMODESMATA

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PROKARYOTES

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ALL ABOUT BACTERIA

DO NOT HAVE NUCLEUS

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EUKARYOTES

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ANIMAL AND PLANTS

A MORE COMPLEX CELL WITH NUCLEUS AND MANY ORGANELLES

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consists of the genetic material of the cell and the molecules that are bound to it.

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NUCLEOID

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Sometimes called plant rhizodeposition

products, are organic compounds deposited (or exuded) by plant roots into surrounding substrates. These compounds are produced by plants using energy gained during photosynthesis. This phenomenon has long been recognized as avital communication system between plantsand their microbial communities

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ROOT EXUDATES

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play an important role in human health, such as supplying essential nutrients,synthesizing vitamin K, aiding inthe digestion of cellulose, and promoting angiogenesis and enteric nerve function

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GUT BACTERIA

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(5) MICROORGANISM IN FOODS

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MOLDS

YEAST

BACTERIA

VIRUS

PARASITES

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DO NOT HAVE A MEMBRANE BOUND NUCLEUS OR ORGANELLES.

DNA - NAKED, CIRCULAR, USUALLY NO INTRONS.

ORGANELLES - NO NUCLEUS, NO MEMBRANE BOUND, 70s RIBOSOSMES

REPRODUCTION - BINARY FISSION, SINGLE CHROSMOSOMES (HAPLOID)

AVERAGE SIZE -

SMALLER (1-5 micrometer)

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PROKARYOTIC CELLS

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CONTAIN A NUCLEUS AND IRGANELLES BOUND BY PLASMA MEMBRANES.

DNA - BOUND TO PROTEIN, LINEAR, USUALLY HAS INTRONS.

ORGANELLES - HAS A NUCLEUS, MEMBRANE-BOUND, 80s RIBOSOMES.

REPRODUCTION - MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS, CHROMOSOMES PAIRED ( DIPLOID OR MORE)

AVERAGE SIZE -

LARGER (10-100 micrometer)

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EUKARYOTIC CELLS

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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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ATOM

MOLECULE

MICROMOLECULE

ORGANELLE

CELL

TISSUE

ORAGAN

ORGAN SYSTEM

ORGANISMS

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BODY CELL

examples: neurons, epithelialcells, liver cells, somite.

• Play a physiological role in theoverall function of theorganisms.

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SOMATIC CELL

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ARE FOUND IN THE OVARIES AND THE TESTES DEVELOP INTO GAMETES

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GERM CELLS

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ARE SEX CELL

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GAMETES

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found in all layers of the epidermis.

Function is the production of keratin– a tough fibrous protein that gives strength and confers a lot of protective ability

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EPIDERMAL CELL

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Provides continuity, strength, and protection

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DESMOSOMES

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are widespread through out the body. They form the covering of all body surfaces, line body cavities and hollow organs, and are the major tissue in glands

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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Can commit to becoming a cartilage, bone, fat and smooth muscle cells

type of cell that contributes to the formation of connective tissue

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FIBROBLAST

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Are the basic structural component of the liver.

The major parenchymal cells in the liver, are responsible for a variety of cellular functions including carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism, detoxification and immune cell activation to maintain liver homeostasis.

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HEPATOCYTES

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Also know as erythrocytes.They are biconcave discs that contain the oxygen carrying protein called

HEMOGLOBIN - that gives it ared color

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RED BLOOD CELLS

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RED BLOOD CELLS ARE ALSO KNOW AS?

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ERYTHROCYTES

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HAPATOCYTES ARE ALSO KNOW AS?

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PARENCHYMAL CELLS

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WHAT IS THE SHAPE OF RBC?

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BICONCAVE SHAPE

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6-8 micrometer in diameter with aminute cytoplasm

5,000 cells per microliter of blood they function for immune system helps your body fight off infection.

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LYMPHOCYTES

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DO NOT CONTAIN IN NUCLEUS

PRODUCE IN BONE MARROW

WHEN BLOOD VESSELS ARE RAPTURED, THEY INITIATE THE BLOOD CLOTTING REACTIONS.

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PLATELETS

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ANIMAL TISSUE

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

MUSCLE TISSUE

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

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Shielding the organism against harmful infective agents (skin), uptake and pre-metabolism of nutrients and drugs (intestine)

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EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. It stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions,memory, and reasoning

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NERVOUS TISSUE

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is a specialized tissue in animals which applies forces to different parts of the body by contraction. It is made up of thin and elongated cells called muscle fibers. It controls the movement of an organism.

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MUSCLE TISSUE

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contributes to numerous body functions,including supporting organs and cells, transporting nutrients and wastes,defending against pathogens,storing fat, and repairing damaged tissues.

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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GERMAN BOTANIST

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MATTHIAS JACOB (1838)

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GERMAN ZOOLOGIST

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THEODORE SCHWANN (1839)

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He said the"Omnis cellula e cellula" which means Cells come from pre-existing cells.

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RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1853)

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Invented a primitive microscope with his father.

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ZACHARIAS JASSEN (1590)

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Determined the presence of organelles

Conduct seperate investigation of plant cell

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Marcello Malpighi and Nehemiah Grew

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Discovered the Nucleus

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Robert Brown

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Develop Fermentation

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Louis Pasteur

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Human are configured as sperm cell and egg cell

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Albrecht Von Roelliker