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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the 2 pupillary muscles, and explain why we need each. Be sure to include their shape.
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1. pupillary dilators - radial - let in more light
2. pupillary constrictors - sphincter - let less light in when light is bright |
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Name the 2 spaces in the eye, and tell what fluid each contains.
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1. anterior cavity - aqueous humor (watery)
2. posterior cavity - vitreous humor (jelly-like) |
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What is the term for how well a person sees?
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visual acuity
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What does 20/20 vision mean?
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You have average vision. You see at 20 feet what the average person sees at 20 feet.
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What are the ssimplest receptors, dendrites of sensory (afferent) neurons?
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free nerve endings
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What sensations are received by free nerve endings?
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pain, temperature, touch
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What does a root hair plexus sense?
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movement of a hair
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What do Merkel discs and Meissner's corpuscles sense?
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touch
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What do Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini corpuscles sense?
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pressure
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What is the term for the skin lining the nose?
the glands? |
olfactory epithelium
olfactory glands |
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temperature receptors
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thermoreceptors
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receptors for cell membrane distortion
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mechanoreceptors
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receptors for touch, pressure or vibration
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tactile receptors
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receptors for pressure
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baroreceptors
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inflammation of a gland in the eyelid
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sty
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Why is cornea damage so serious?
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limited ability to repair and scars won't let light through
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What is the unit for measuring sound intensity or volume?
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decibels
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What vitamin is necessary for making visual pigments?
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vitamin A
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vitamin A deficiency results in what condition?
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nightblindness
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What are the two types of photoreceptors, and what does each sense? When does each work best?
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1. rods - black and white - dim light
2. cones - color - bright light |
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What other sense affects your sense of taste?
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smell
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What 3 cranial verves are involved with taste?
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glossopharyngeal, vagus, facial
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What are the corners of the eye? How can you tell the medial and lateral corners apart?
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canthus - medial canthus has a gland called the lacrimal caruncle
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What is made in the lacrimal caruncle?
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gritty stuff we call sleep
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eyelids
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palpebrae
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space between eyelids
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palpebral fissure
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What are the four primary tastes in humans? Name 2 others.
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sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
umami and water |
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Name and describe the two main types of pain.
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1. fast - prickling - lead to many reflexes
2. slow - burning, general area only |
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Give 2 examples of proprioceptors and what they detect.
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1. Golgi tendon organ - stretch on a tendon
2. muscle spindles - length of a muscle |
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transparent covering of pupil and iris
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cornea
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Why can corneas be so easily transplanted?
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no blood vessels
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What is the visible spectrum?
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ROY G BIV
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet |
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What type of cones create all the colors of the rainbow?
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red, green, blue
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What information is picked up by photoreceptors?
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wavelengths
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Name the 6 extrinsic eye muscles and what cranial nerve controls each.
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superior rectus - oculomotor
inferior rectus - oculomotor medial rectus - oculomotor inferior oblique - oculomotor lateral rectus - abducens superior oblique - trochlear |
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What is the term for good vision?
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emmetropia
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What is the term for nearsightedness? What happens?
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Myopia - focal point is in front of the retina
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What is the term for farsightedness? What happens?
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hyperopia - focal point is behind the eye
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How are near and farsightedness corrected?
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near - divergent lens
far - convergent lens |
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What is the common name for the optic disc?
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blind spot
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What happens at the optic nerve/disc?
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all the axons converge - no photoreceptors
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the region with no rods - central vision - What is meant by this term?
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macula lutea - yellow spot
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What is the center of the macula - sharpest vision?
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fovea centralis
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What is the purpose of fat around the eye?
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padding and insulation
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What makes olfactory stimuli different from every other type of sensory information?
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doesn't go to the thalamus first
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the v-shaped large papillae at the base of the tongue
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circumvallate papillae
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epithelium on eye - name the two parts of this
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conjunctiva
1. palpebral conjunctiva 2. ocular conjunctiva |
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inflammation of the eye epithelium - common name
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conjunctivitis - pink eye
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What are the two types of equilibrium, and how are they different?
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1. dynamic - maintaining balance when moved suddenly
2. static - maintains posture when motionless |
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What is the unit for measuring sound frequency? What is that equal to?
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Hertz - cycles per second
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hearing deficit caused by a blockage of the normal transfer of vibrations
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conductive deafness
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What are the 3 major parts of the ear?
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1. external ear
2. middle ear 3. inner ear |
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What makes up the external ear, and what is the function?
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auricle or pinna
auditory canal tympanic membrane - collects sound |
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What is in the middle ear, and what is the function?
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auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)
- amplifies sound |
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What makes up the inner ear, and what is the function of each?
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cochlea - hearing
semicircular canals - balance |
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What is the crossing of optic nerves called?
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optic chiasm
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Where is the visual cortex located?
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occipital lobes
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What compound is the visual pigment made from?
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rhodopsin
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Why does smell have so much to do with emotion and behavior?
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extensive connection to the limbic and hypothalamic regions
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interference with the normal circulation and reabsorption of aqueous humor that can distort the retina and optic disc - pressure inside eye increases
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glaucoma
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perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated
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referred pain
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What is the classic example of referred pain?
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heart attack felt down left arm
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term for the bending of light
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refraction
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What causes light to bend?
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moving through different types of materials with different densities
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Through what bony structures do the olfactory axons pass?
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cribiform plate of ethmoid - olfactory foramina
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What changes about sound with a change in frequency?
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pitch - how high or low the sound is
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What is the function of the CNS in sensation?
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interprets all incoming information
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What are the epithelial projections that contain taste buds?
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papillae
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What is the advantage of sniffing over normal inhalation?
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more air comes in contact with the olfactory receptors
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What is the standard test for colorblindness?
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picking numbers out of a complex set of shapes of different colors
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a reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus
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adaptation
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What is the purpose of adaptation to a stimulus?
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prevents sensory overload
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Name the parts of the vascular tunic, and give the function of each part.
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1. iris - colored part, controls size of pupil
2. ciliary body - positions lens 3. choroid - capillaries - provide O2 |
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a loss of transparency in the lens of an eye
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cataracts
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What can cause cataracts
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UV radiation, drugs, injuries, age
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What are age-related cataracts called?
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senile cataracts
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sensation of body position
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proprioception
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sensation of smell
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olfaction
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sensation of taste
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gustation
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sensation of balance
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equilibrium
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sensation of pain
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nociception
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incoming information at receptors
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sensations
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conscious awareness of a sensation
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perception
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Give 2 places where baaroreceptors are found.
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1. carotid artery (sinus)
2. aorta (sinus) 3. lungs 4. digestive tract 5. urinary tract |
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The specific point of focus on the retina
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focal point
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What two major factors affect the focal point?
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1. shape of lens
2. distance of object viewing |
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an enzyme in your tears that kills bacteria
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lysozyme
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What are the two parts of the fibrous tunic, and how are they different?
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1. cornea - transparent
2. sclera - opaque |
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Name the three auditory ossicles in order from the tympanic membrane.
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malleus, incus, stapes
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What is the function of the auditory ossicles?
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provide leverage as they strike one another to transmit sound to inner ear - amplify sound
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What is the smallest bone in your body?
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stapes
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irregularities in the shape of the cornea or lens that can affect the clarity of vision
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astigmatism
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What is the purpose of the auditory tube?
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equalize pressure between ear and throat
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What are the other names for the auditory tube?
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eustachian tube
pharyngotympanic tube |
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What is a negative clinical aspect of the auditory tube?
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can allow bacteria into the middle ear
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What is the term for middle ear infections?
outer ear? inner ear? |
otitis media
otitis externa otitis interna |
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What is produced by ceruminous glands, and what is its function?
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cerumen (earwax)
- keeps foreign materials out, slows bacterial growth |
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What 2 muscles prevent damage to ear structures during a loud sound?
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stapedius
tensor tympani |
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someone inable to distinguish colors
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colorblind
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What is the most common form of colorblindness?
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red/green
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Who gets colorblindness most often, and why?
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men - sex-linked
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Why can't you taste anything when your tongue is completely dry?
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can't dissolve chemicals to taste them
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What are the most common causes of blindness?
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diabetes
cataracts glaucoma corneal scarring retinal detachment hereditary factors |
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Why don't we notice the blind spot?
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eyes move frequently to scan the field of view and fill in the missing information
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What do you notice about an older person whos lens isn't changing shape to accomodate for near vision as well?
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hold reading material farther and farther from eyes
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Why do we make a constant stream of new mucus in the nose? 4 reasons
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dissolve chemicals for smell
moisten filter (clean) not let smells accumulate |
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What do eyes with cataracts look like?
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cloudy, yellow
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IHow does the lens focus light on the retina?
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change shape - acccomodation
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Changing the shape of the lens for near and far vision is called what?
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accomodation
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What happens to our ability to accomodate our vision as we age?
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harder - less elastic - slower
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receptors that respond to water and lipid-soluble substances dissolved in the surrounding fluid - chemicals
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chemoreceptors
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Give 2 examples of chemoreception.
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smell
taste CO2 receptors pH receptors |
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What is the purpose of tears?
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clean and nourish eye
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What pushes tears across the eyes?
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blinking
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Give the path of tears across the eye.
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lacrimal glands
lacrimal ducts lacrimal puncta lacrimal canaliculi lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct nose |
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What is meant by bleaching in your eyes?
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rhodopsin is broken down into retinal and opsin
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What is created by eye pigment bleaching?
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ghost images
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