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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a gene?
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A segment of DNA that codes for a Polypeptide.
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What is a polypeptide?
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Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules
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T or F. The genetic Code is nearly universal?
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T
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The _____ _______ is nearly universal
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Genetic Code
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What is the flow of info in a cell?
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DNA to RNA to Polypeptide
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What is Transcriptin?
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Copying of DNA code into RNA.
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What is Translation?
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Polypeptide assemly in the ribosome using mRNA and tRNA
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How is hte DNA code read?
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in triplets
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What is the DNA code called?
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The reading Frame (non-overlapping)
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Can the DNA code be directly made into a protein?
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No
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What then must happen first to DNA?
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It must be made into RNA first.
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The mRNA that is formed is complementry or identical?
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Complementary
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Name the 2 processes in protein production.
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1. Transcription
2. Translation |
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Name the 3 differences between DNA & RNA
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1. Contains ribose instead of deoryribose
2. Contains uracil instead of thymine 3. Single stranded |
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How many types of RNA are there?
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3
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Name the 3 types of RNA
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mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
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What is mRNA?
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Messenger RNA; made frjom DNA in nucleus in process of transcription
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What is mRNA made from?
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DNA
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Where is mRNA made?
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Nucleus
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When is mRNA made?
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During process of transcription.
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What is tRNA?
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Transfer RNA; brings the amino acid to the ribosome & matches the mRNA in the proces sof translation.
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What is rRNA?
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Ribosomal RNA; part of the ribosome that acts as an enzyme & helps put together amino acids into a polypeptide.
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rRNNA is part of what?
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The ribosome
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rRNA acts as an ________.
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Enzyme
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rRNA helps to do what?
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Put together amino acids into polypeptide.
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What is Uracil?
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look up
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What is Ribose?
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Look up
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Which type of RNA is made in transcripton?
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mRNA
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Which type of RNA brings the amino acids to the ribosne?
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tRNA
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Which type of RNA puts together a polypeptide?
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rRNA
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Where does transcription take place?
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Nucleus
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What is a codon?
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3 bases on mRNA
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The nucleus is where ______ takes place.
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Transcription
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Does transcription or translation take place in the nucleus?
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Transcription
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Each codon codes for how many amino acids?
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1
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One amino acid is coded by each _______.
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Codon
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How many codons are ther?
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64
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How many codons code for amino acid?
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61
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If a codon isn't coding for amino acid, what does it do?
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Codes for stop or end of sequence.
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More than 1 codon can coede for 1 amino acid. T or F
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True
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1 codon can only coede for 1 amino acid. It cannot code for 2, 3, 4, etc.
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ccccc-A (YES)
C-aaaa (NO) |
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What is RNA Polymerase
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The main enzyme involved in RNA production
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What is the main enzyme in RNA production?
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RNA Polymerase
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What does RNA polymerase add to the 3' end of the DNA template?
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Nucleotides
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RNA Polymerase adds nucleotides ot the 3'end of what?
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DNA template only.
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_______ occurs in 5' to 3' direction
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Elongation
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Mutations
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Changes in the genetic material
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How many kinds of mutations are there?
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2
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Name the 2 types of mutations
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Gene & Chromosomal
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What is a gene mutation?
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A mutation that produces changes in a single gene.
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What is a chromosomal mutation?
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A mutation that produces changes in whole chromosomes.
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What are point mutations?
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Gene mutationsinvolving changes in 1 or a few nucleotides. They occur at a single point in hte DNA sequence.
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Point mutations inclued ____, ___, & _____.
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Substitutions, insertions, deletions.
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Substitutions
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one base is changed to another
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Insertions & deletions
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A base is inserted or removed from the DNA sequence.
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How many amino acids do substitutions affedt?
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1
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How many amino acids do insertions & delection affect?
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Many
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What is a frameship mutatation?
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A mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic messsage
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What do chromosomal mutation involve?
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changes in the # of structure of chromosomes.
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Name 2 things a chromosomal mutation may change about a gene
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1. location of genes on chromosomes.
2. # of copies of some genes. |
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Name 2 types of frameshift mutations.
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1. substitution
2. Insertion |
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Name 4 types of chromosomal mutations
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1. deletion
2. duplications 3. inversions 4. translocations |
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Deletions
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involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome
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Duplications
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produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome
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Inversions
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Reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes.
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Translocations
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oCCUR WHEN PART OF 1 CHROMOSOME BREAKS OFF & ATTACHES TO ANOTHER.
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Most mutations are neutral. What does this mean?
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That they have littlr or no effect.
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Polyploidy
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The condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes.
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