Gen. Bio Ii - Excretion

Front 1

What are the three major functions of the urinary system?

Back 1

1. excretion, removal of organic waste products from body fluids
2. elimination, discharge of these wastes into the environment
3. homeostatic regulation of the volume and solute concentration of blood plasma

Front 2

The excretory functions of the urinary system are performed by the ____.

Back 2

kidneys

Front 3

Urine leaving the kidney flows along the urinary tract, which consists of paired tubes called ____.

Back 3

ureters

Front 4

The urethra is responsible for:

Back 4

allowing urine to leave the urinary bladder and conduct it to the exterior.

Front 5

Micturition, brought on by the urinary bladder and urethra, is

Back 5

the elimination of urine.

Front 6

The the paired tubes called ___ leads to the ____, which drains the kidneys.

Back 6

ureters; urinary bladder

Front 7

The urinary system has serveral homeostatic functions:

Back 7

- regulating blood volume and blood pressure
- Regulating plasma concentration of sodium and potassium, chloride, and other ions
- helping stabilize blood ph
- conserving valuable nutrients
- assisting the liver

Front 8

homeostatic funciton: regulating blood volume and blood pressure by adjusting... and both releasing _____ and ____

Back 8

...the volume of water lost in urine;
erythropoietin and renin

Front 9

homeostatic function: regulating plasma concentration of sodium and potassium, chloride, and other ions by...

Back 9

controling the quantities lost in urine and controling calcium ion levels through the synthesis of calcitriol

Front 10

homeostatic function: helping stabilize blood ph by...

Back 10

controling the lost of hydrogen ions and bicarbinate ions in urine

Front 11

homeostatic function: conserving valuable nutrients

Back 11

by preventing their excretion in urine while excreting organic waste products - especially nitrogeonous waste products such as urea and uric acid

Front 12

homeostatic function: assisting the liver

Back 12

by detoxifying poisons and, during starvation, deamination amino acids so that other tissues can break them down. These activities are carfully regulated to keep the composition of blood within acceptable limits.

Front 13

The kidneys are located on either side of the _____ _____ between _____ __ and __.

Back 13

verterbral column; vertebrae T12 and T13

Front 14

A typical adult kidney is reddish brown and about__ long, __ wide, __ thick. They typically weigh __.

Back 14

10cm (4in), 5.5cm (2.2in), 3cm (1.2in), and 150g (5.25oz)

Front 15

A prominent medial indentation of a kidney is called the ___ is the point for the ____ ____, ____ ____, and the _____.

Back 15

hilium; renal artery, renal nerves, and ureters

Front 16

The ____ ____ is bound to the outer surface of the structures within the renal sinus, stabilizing the positions of the ureters and renal vessels and nerves.

Back 16

renal capsule

Front 17

The kedney itself has an outer ____ and an inner ____.

Back 17

cortex; medulla

Front 18

The ____ ____ is a superficial portion of the kidney, in contact with the renal capsule. It is reddish-brown and grandular.

Back 18

renal cortex

Front 19

The renal medulla consist of 6 to 18 conical or triangular structures called the ____ _____.

Back 19

renal pyramids

Front 20

The ___ ____ are bands of cortical tissues that separate the renal pyramids. They extend into the medulla and have similar texture as the cortex.

Back 20

renal column

Front 21

The renal pyramids converge at the ____ _____ which projects into the renal sinus.

Back 21

renal papilla

Front 22

Production of urine occurs in the renal lobes. Ducts within each renal papilla discharge urine into cup shaped drains called the ____ ____.

Back 22

major calyx

Front 23

Four to five minor calyx merge to form a major calyx, and two to three merge to form the ____ ____. It is a large funnel-shaped chamber that fills the renal sinus and is connected to the ureter.

Back 23

renal pelvis

Front 24

Our kidneys recieve ___ % of cardiac output. In normal and healthy individuals, ____ml of blood flows through the kidney in a minute.

Back 24

20-25%; 1200

Front 25

Each kidney recieves blood from the ___ ___, which originates along the lateral surface of the abdominal aorta near the level of the superior ______ artery.

Back 25

renal artery; mesentaric

Front 26

Each nephron consists of a ____ ____ and a ___ ____.

Back 26

renal tubule, renal corpuscle

Front 27

Blood arrives at the renal corpuscle by way of an ____ ____.

Back 27

afferent arteriole

Front 28

This arteriole delivers blood to the _____, which consists of about 50 interwining capillaries. It projects into Bowman's capsule much as the heart projects into the pericardial cavity.

Back 28

glomerulus

Front 29

Blood leaves the glomerulus in an ____ ____ and flows into network of capillaries called the ____ ____, which surrounds the renal tubule.

Back 29

efferent arteriole; peritubular capillaries

Front 30

These capillaries in turn drain into small venules that return the blood to the venous system. The ___ ___ is the site where the process of filtration occurs.

Back 30

renal corpuscle

Front 31

The the filtration process, blood pressure forces water and dissolved solutes out of the ____ ____ and into a chamber.

Back 31

glomerular capillaries

Front 32

From the renal corpuscle, filtrat enters the renal tubules, which is responsible for three functions:

Back 32

1. reabsorbing all the useful organic nutrients that enter the filtrate
2. reabsorbing more that 90 percent of the water in the filtrate
3. secreting into the tubule any waste products that failed to enter the renal corpuscle through filtration at the glomerulus

Front 33

The renaltubule has two concoluted (coiled or twisted) segments -- the ____ ____ ____ (PCT) and the ___ ____ ___ (DCT) -- separate by a simple U-shaped tube called the ___ _ ___.

Back 33

proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle.

Front 34

The convoluted segments are in the ____, and the loop of Henle extends at least partially into the ____.

Back 34

cortex; medulla

Front 35

Each nephron enties into the collecting systen, a series of tubes that carry tubular fluid away from the nephron. ______ ___ recieve this fluid away from the nephrons.

Back 35

collecting duct

Front 36

Each "_______ ___" begins in the cortex and descends into the medulla, carrying fluid to a papillary duct that drains into the _____ ____.

Back 36

minor calyx

Front 37

Nephrons from different locations differ slightly in structure. Roughly ___% of nephrons are cortical nephrons, located almost entirely within the superficial cortex of the kidney.

Back 37

85

Front 38

The remain 15% of nephrons, termed _________ ____ have long loops of henle that extend deep into the medulla.

Back 38

juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 39

Because they are more numerous than juxtamedullary nephrons cortical nephrons perferm most of the reabsorptive and secretory functions of the kidneys, However, it is the juxtamedullary nephrons that enable the kidneys to produce ________ ____

Back 39

concentrated urine

Front 40

The kidneys remove waste products from the _____; they also assist in the regulation of ____ volume and ____ pressure, ion levels, and ___ pH

Back 40

blood

Front 41

_____ are the primary functional units of the kidneys

Back 41

nephrons

Front 42

The renal capuscle in cludes both region known as ______ ____ and the capillary network of the _______.

Back 42

Bowman's capsule; glomerulus

Front 43

Much of the reabsorption occurs in the _____ _____ ____.

Back 43

proximal concoluted tubule

Front 44

The proimal convoluted tubule: the tubule cells absorb _____________.

Back 44

organic nutrients, ions, water, plasma protiens

Front 45

From the tubular fluid and release them into the _______ fluid, the ______ fluid surrounding the renal tubule.

Back 45

peritubular, interstitial

Front 46

______ is the primary function of the PCT, but the _______ ____ can also secrete cubstances into the lumen.

Back 46

Reabsorption; epithelial cells

Front 47

What are the two components of the loop of henle?

Back 47

descending limb and the ascending limbs

Front 48

The PCT makes an acute bend that runs the renal tubule toward the renal medulla. This turn leads to the loop of henle, or ____ ___.

Back 48

nephron loop

Front 49

the ___ is an important for three vital processes

Back 49

DCT

Front 50

those three processes are

Back 50

1. the active secretion of ions,acids, drugs, and toxins
2. the selective reabsorption of sodium ions and calcium ions from tubular fluid
3. the selective reabsorption of water, which assists in concentration the tubular fluid