Ged Social Studies Vocab

Front 1

abolitionist

Back 1

one who favored abolishing slavery prior to the civil war

Front 2

aggression

Back 2

attack by one country on another without any provocation

Front 3

apartheid

Back 3

policy of racial segregation and discrimination against blacks and oter non-europeand practiced by the republic of south africa until 1990

Front 4

appeasement

Back 4

policy of giving into the demands of an enemy power in an effort to maintain peace

Front 5

armistice

Back 5

temporary stopping of war by agreement of both sides before a peace treaty is signed

Front 6

aryan

Back 6

term wrongly used by the nazis to refer to a person of german or northern european descent

Front 7

axis

Back 7

in world war II, the countries -Nazi Germany, Facist ITaly and Japan -that fought against the united states and its allies

Front 8

blacklist

Back 8

list of people or organizations to be avoided in trade or denied employment because of government policy or suspected disloyalty

Front 9

blockade

Back 9

action taken to cut off trade and communication with an enemy

Front 10

boondoggle

Back 10

spending of public money to create unnecessary jobs

Front 11

bourgeoisie

Back 11

the middle class(?!?)

Front 12

boycott

Back 12

refusal to deal with a country or an organization for politcal or economis reasons

Front 13

charter

Back 13

in colonial times, a grant from the English ruler to a person or corporation giving certain rights and priveleges of settlement

Front 14

civil war

Back 14

American war between the northern and southern states

Front 15

cold war

Back 15

diplomatic and economic conflict between nations short of actual warfare

Front 16

colony

Back 16

settlement in a distant land that remains under control of the country from which its settlers came

Front 17

compromise

Back 17

agreement in which each side gives up some things it wanted

Front 18

conservation

Back 18

policies and practices that aim at the preservation of natural resources such as forests and wildlife

Front 19

coup d'etat

Back 19

sudden overthrow of a government by force

Front 20

decree

Back 20

order of a government or a church

Front 21

desegregation

Back 21

removal or seperation of races in public places

Front 22

disarmament

Back 22

reduction in arms and armed forces as a result of agreement between nations

Front 23

discrimination

Back 23

prejiduice in the treatment of one froup, as compared with another, in such matters as jobs, housing, and admission to schools

Front 24

doctrine

Back 24

principle or belief or a set of principles or beliefs

Front 25

dove

Back 25

one who espouses the cause of peace and/or pursues a conciliatory policy in foreign affairs

Front 26

edict

Back 26

official proclamation or decree

Front 27

emancipation

Back 27

setting free of a slave or any one else in bondage

Front 28

embargo

Back 28

official order preventing ships from entering or leaving the ports of a country for the purpose of commerce

Front 29

emigration

Back 29

movement of a person or persons from one country to settle in another

Front 30

empire

Back 30

group of states, colonies or teritories joined togeather under the rule of a dominant power

Front 31

evolution

Back 31

theory that plants and animals develop from earlier life forms by the passing down, from one generation to the next, of variations that help them to survive

Front 32

fair deal

Back 32

continuation and development of the principles of the New Deal by the Truman administration

Front 33

feminism

Back 33

movement to win for women, rights eual to those of men in political, social, and economic class

Front 34

feudalism

Back 34

medival (9th to 15th century) social and economic organization of society in europe

Front 35

genocide

Back 35

systematic killling off of an entire national, racial, or cultural group

Front 36

hawk

Back 36

one who advocates an aggressive and warlike approach to foreign policy

Front 37

heresy

Back 37

a religious belief opposed to doctrine established by the church

Front 38

immigration

Back 38

movement of a person into a new country to settle there

Front 39

imperialism

Back 39

policiy of a nation to extend its power by establishing colonies and controlling territories, raw materials, and world markets

Front 40

industrial revolution

Back 40

social and economic changes brought about by the development of large scale industrial problems

Front 41

integration

Back 41

incorporation of different racial or ethnic groups into free and equal association in a society or an organization

Front 42

isolationism

Back 42

policy of a country that is based on unwillingness to take part in international affairs

Front 43

mandate

Back 43

authority given by the league of nations to one nation to administer a territory or geographic region

Front 44

manifesto

Back 44

public declaration by a government of intention to act or of action taken

Front 45

medieval

Back 45

referring to the period in europe between the 9th and 15th centuries

Front 46

militarism

Back 46

belief that the military should dominate the government and that military efficiency is the ideal of the state

Front 47

monarchy

Back 47

government in which supreme power rests with a king, queen, or emporor and where such power may be absolute or limited

Front 48

monotheism

Back 48

doctrine that there is only one -gd

Front 49

nationalism

Back 49

doctrine that the interests and security of one's own country are more important than those of other nations or international groups

Front 50

nazism

Back 50

system in Germany (1933-1945) that controlled all activities of the people, fostered belief in the supremacy of a Fuhrer (leader) and promoted the german people as master race and the establishment of germany as the dominant world power

Front 51

new deal

Back 51

principles and policies of liberal democrats as advocated under the eladeship of President Franklin Roosevelt

Front 52

nonaggression

Back 52

reffering to an agreement between two nations not to attack one another

Front 53

opinions, attitudes, and beliefs

Back 53

a person's preferences or positions on public matters based on thought or emotion: opiions are short-term, attitudes are more lasting, beliefs deal with the more basic values of life

Front 54

pacifism

Back 54

belief that conflicts between nations should be settled by peaceful means rather than by war

Front 55

pact

Back 55

an agreement between nations

Front 56

pan-americanism

Back 56

belief in political, economic, social and cultural cooperation and understanding between the nations of North, Central, and South America

Front 57

parliament

Back 57

the legislative body of great britain, consisting of the house of lords and house of commons

Front 58

partition

Back 58

division of a geographic area into two or more countries or into areas annexed to already existing countries

Front 59

plebiscite

Back 59

direct vote of all eligible voters on an important political issue

Front 60

prejuduice

Back 60

hostile attitude withoutfoundation in fact or knowledge toward an ethnic group or any member of it

Front 61

prohibition

Back 61

in the united states the period between 1920 and 1933 when the manufcature and sale of alcoholic drinks was forbidden by federal law

Front 62

propaganda

Back 62

systematic spread of ideas or doctrines with a view to convincing others of their truth, using repetition and, in some cases, distortion

Front 63

protectorate

Back 63

weaker state protected and in some instances controlled by a stronger state

Front 64

provisional

Back 64

referring to a government that functions temporarily until a permanent government is established

Front 65

puritan

Back 65

protestant in 16th and 17th century england and america who sought greater reform in the church of england

Front 66

quota

Back 66

greatest number of persons who may be admited, as to the united states or to an institution such as college

Front 67

race

Back 67

one of three primary divisions of humans -caucasian, negro, and mongoloid- differing in physical characteristics

Front 68

ratification

Back 68

granting of formal approval, as to a constitution

Front 69

reactionary

Back 69

extreme conservative, one who opposes progress or liberalism

Front 70

reciprocal

Back 70

applying by mutual agreement to both parties or concerned , as in trade

Front 71

reconstruction

Back 71

period after the civil war (1865-1877) during which the confederate states were controlled by the federal government and recognized prior to readmission to the union

Front 72

renaissance

Back 72

period (14th through 16th cenutries) of revival in learning and the arts in europe

Front 73

reperation

Back 73

payment by a defeated nation for damages done to persons and property of the victorious country in a war

Front 74

sanctions

Back 74

measures taken by a group of nations to force another to stop a violation of internatinal law that it is considered to have made

Front 75

satellite

Back 75

a small state that is dependent on a larger, more powerful state and must, as a result, mantain simlair policies

Front 76

sectionalism

Back 76

placing of the interests of a section of a country ahead of those of the nation

Front 77

sedition

Back 77

acts that tend to forment rebellion against the existing government

Front 78

segregation

Back 78

policy or practice of compelling racial and ethnic groups to live apart from each other

Front 79

self-determination

Back 79

right of a people to determine its own form of government independently

Front 80

sharecropper

Back 80

farmer who doesn not own land but works it for a share of the crop

Front 81

sovereignty

Back 81

supreme and independent political authority of a state

Front 82

status quo

Back 82

the existing political, social, and economic order

Front 83

stereotype

Back 83

fixed belief regarding a person, group, or idea that is held by a number of people and allows no individuality or critical judgement

Front 84

suffragette

Back 84

woman who works actively for the right of women to vote

Front 85

toleration

Back 85

freedom to hold religious beliefs different from those in authority

Front 86

trusteeship

Back 86

authority from the united nations to a country to administer a territory or religion

Front 87

values

Back 87

social principles, goals or standards held or accepted by an individual, class, or society

Front 88

whig

Back 88

member of a political party that supported limitation of presidential power and opposed the democrats in the united states (1836-1856); also a person who supported the american revolution

Front 89

zionist

Back 89

supporter of the movement to establish a jewish national state in palestine; now, a supporter of the State of Israel

Front 90

act

Back 90

document made into law by a legislative body

Front 91

administration

Back 91

term of office of the executive branch of government

Front 92

agency

Back 92

bureau that administers a governmental function

Front 93

alien

Back 93

one who owes allegiance to a government or country other than the country in which he resides

Front 94

alleigiance

Back 94

duty of a ciizen to his or her government

Front 95

aliiance

Back 95

formal agreement between nations to achieve a common purpose

Front 96

amendment

Back 96

change or revision made in a constitution or a law

Front 97

amnesty

Back 97

general pardon to a group of persons, freeing them from punishment for offenses against a government or society

Front 98

anarchy

Back 98

complete absence of government and law with resulting disorder

Front 99

appellate

Back 99

court that can recieve appeals and reverse the decisions of lower courts

Front 100

apportionment

Back 100

allotment of representatives to a group in proportion to their members

Front 101

apropriation

Back 101

money made available by formal act of a legislative body for a specific public purpose

Front 102

at-large

Back 102

official chosen by all the voters of a particular election district

Front 103

autonomy

Back 103

self government

Front 104

ballot

Back 104

1, the paper on which a vote is recorded 2, the right to vote

Front 105

bicameral

Back 105

legislature made up of two houses, such as a senate and an assembly or a senate and a house of representatives

Front 106

bill

Back 106

preliminary form of a law proposed to a legislative body

Front 107

bipartisan

Back 107

representing or composed of members of two parties

Front 108

bloc

Back 108

combination of legiskators or nations that acts as a unit with a common interest

Front 109

boss

Back 109

politician who controls a politcal machine and had influence over legislation and appointments to office

Front 110

bureaucracy

Back 110

government that functions through departments that follow given rules and have varying degrees of authority in the organization

Front 111

cabinet

Back 111

group of advisers to the head of a country who usually administer governmental departments

Front 112

campaign

Back 112

program of activities designed to elect a candidate to political office

Front 113

caucus

Back 113

closed meeting of party members to decide policy or to select candidates for office

Front 114

censure

Back 114

reprimand voed by a governmental body of one of its members or of the government or its cabinet

Front 115

center

Back 115

in politics, a party or group that follows policies between the left (which advocates change) and the right (which opposes it)

Front 116

checks and balances

Back 116

system of government that provides for each branch (executive, legislative, and judicial) to have some control over others

Front 117

civil liberties

Back 117

right to think, speak, and act, without interference that are guaranteed to the individual by law and custom

Front 118

civil rights

Back 118

rights that are guaranteed to the individual by the constitutin and by acts of congress eg, right to vote

Front 119

civil service

Back 119

those in the employ of government who got their positions through open competetive examination on the basis of merit

Front 120

coalition

Back 120

temporary alliance of countries or parties for action to achieve some purpose

Front 121

commission

Back 121

government agency with administrative, judicial, or legilative powers

Front 122

committee

Back 122

group chosen by a legislative body to consider a particular law or topic

Front 123

conference

Back 123

meeting of committes from two branches of legislature to settle differences in a bill they have enacted in a bill they have enacted

Front 124

confirmation

Back 124

approval by legislative body of an act or appointment by an executive`

Front 125

congress

Back 125

the legislature of the united states consisting of the senate and the house of representatives

Front 126

conservative

Back 126

person or party that tends to oppose change in government and its institutions

Front 127

constitution

Back 127

system of fundamental laws and principles, written or unwritten, by which a people is governed

Front 128

convention

Back 128

gathering of members or delegates or a political group for a specific purpose, such as choosing a candidate for office

Front 129

delegate

Back 129

1) representative to a convention 2) person empowered to act on behalf of those who choose him or her

Front 130

democracy

Back 130

government by the people directly or through representatices chosen to free elections

Front 131

dictatorship

Back 131

state ruled by one who has absolute power and authority

Front 132

election

Back 132

choosing by vote among candidates for public office

Front 133

executive

Back 133

the branch of government charged with administering the laws of a nation

Front 134

facism

Back 134

a system of government characterized by power in the hands of a dictator, suppression of opposition parties, and aggressive nationalism (italy 1922-1945)

Front 135

federal

Back 135

referring to a system of government in which a constitution divides powers between the central government and such political subdivisions as states

Front 136

filibuster

Back 136

tactics, such as nonstop oratory, used by a minority in a legislative body to delay action on a bill

Front 137

foreign policy

Back 137

course of action adopted by a country in its dealings with other nations

Front 138

freedom

Back 138

civil or political liberty

Front 139

government

Back 139

established system of political administration by which a country or its subdivisions is ruled

Front 140

hearing

Back 140

session of a legislative committee in which evidence bearing on possible legislation is obtained from witnesses

Front 141

impeach

Back 141

to bring charges against a public official for wrongdoing prior to possible trail and removal from office it a conviction is obtained:impeachment

Front 142

impeachment

Back 142

the act of brining such charges

Front 143

inauguration

Back 143

formal induction into office of a public official

Front 144

indictment

Back 144

formal accusation of someone with the commission of a crime, usually after investigation by a grand jury of charges made by a prosecutor

Front 145

initiative

Back 145

right of a citizen to bring up a matter of legislation, usuallly by means of a petition signed by a designated number of voters

Front 146

injunction

Back 146

court order preventing a person or group from taking an action that might be in violation of the law

Front 147

judicial

Back 147

referring to the courts and their functions or to the judges who administer these functions`

Front 148

jurisdiction

Back 148

authority of a government or court to interpret and apply the law

Front 149

law

Back 149

bill that has been approved by a legislativebody and signed by the chief executive

Front 150

left

Back 150

member of a legislative body who take more radical and liberal politcal positions than the other members

Front 151

legislation

Back 151

laws made by a legislative body, such as a senate

Front 152

legislature

Back 152

laws made by a legislattive body, such as a senate

Front 153

legislature

Back 153

group of persons having laws for a nation or a political subdivision of it

Front 154

liberal

Back 154

individual or political party whose beliefs stress protection of political and civil liberties, progressive reform, and the right of an individual to govern him or herself

Front 155

lobby

Back 155

to attempt to influence legislators to support bills that favor some special group or interest

Front 156

machine

Back 156

political organization under the leadership of a boss and his luetenants that controls party policy and job partronage

Front 157

majority

Back 157

1) number of voters for a candidate that is greater than the votes for all the other candidates put togeather 2) oarty in a legislative body that commands the largest number of votes

Front 158

minority

Back 158

political group that is smaller than the controlling group in a government of legislature and does not have the necessary votes to gain control

Front 159

municipal

Back 159

referring to local government such as that of a city, town, or village

Front 160

municipality

Back 160

city or town that has the power to govern itself

Front 161

naturalize

Back 161

to give the rights of citizenship to a noncitizen or alien

Front 162

neutrality

Back 162

policy of a government that avoids taking sides directly or indirectly in disputes between other nations

Front 163

nominate

Back 163

to name a candidate for election to public office

Front 164

ordinance

Back 164

law enacted by local governmental authority

Front 165

override

Back 165

action taken by a legislative body to enact a law that has been dissaproved (vetoed) by the chief executive of a political unit such as a nation or state

Front 166

pardon

Back 166

official release from (coninued) legal punishment for an offense

Front 167

partisan

Back 167

position or vote that follows party policy("the party line")

Front 168

party

Back 168

organization of persons who work to elect their candidats to political office to further the governmental philosophy and causes in which they believe

Front 169

patronage

Back 169

power of a political organization or its representative to give jobs

Front 170

petition

Back 170

request for specific legal or judicial action that is initiated and signed by an interested individual or group of individuals

Front 171

plank

Back 171

one of the items in a party program or platform

Front 172

platform

Back 172

statement of the policies and principles of a political party or its candidate for office

Front 173

plurality

Back 173

number of votes by which the winning candidate in an election defeats his or her nearest oponent

Front 174

poll

Back 174

1) vote as recorded by a voter 2) count of votes cast 3) questioning of a group of people chosen at radom on their views on political and other matters

Front 175

precinct

Back 175

subdivision of a town or city that serves as an election unit

Front 176

pressure group

Back 176

group of people who seek to change government law or policy through the use of lobbies, propaganda, and media

Front 177

primary

Back 177

vote by members of a political party to choose candidates for political office or for some other political purpose

Front 178

progressive

Back 178

person or party that stands for moderate political and social change or reform

Front 179

public opinion

Back 179

views of people, generally as they influence social and polictal action

Front 180

quorum

Back 180

minimum number of legislative body the must be present before the body can legally conduct business

Front 181

radical

Back 181

person or party that stands for extreme political and social change

Front 182

ratify

Back 182

give formal approval to a document such as a treaty or constituation

Front 183

recalll

Back 183

right of or action taken by vote of the people or by petition to remove a public official from office

Front 184

referendum

Back 184

practice of submitting to direct popular vote a proposed law or an act that has been passed by a legislative body

Front 185

reform

Back 185

political movement designed to correct abuses in government by changes in the law

Front 186

regime

Back 186

form or manner of government or rule

Front 187

registration

Back 187

signing up of a person in his or her election district

Front 188

regulate

Back 188

to control or bring under the control of government or a governmental agency

Front 189

representative

Back 189

member of a legislative body chosen to act on behalf of those who elected him or her to represent them

Front 190

republic

Back 190

government in which power remains with all the citizens, who are entitled to vote and who elect representatives who act for them and are responsible to them

Front 191

resolution

Back 191

formal statement of opinion or intention voted by a legislative or other group

Front 192

review

Back 192

reexamination by higher judicial authority of the proceedins or decision of a lower court

Front 193

revolution

Back 193

complete overthrow, usually by force of an established government or political system

Front 194

right

Back 194

1) members of a legislative body who hold more conservative views than the other members 2) that which belongs to an indiviudal by law or tradition, such as the right to free speech

Front 195

self-government

Back 195

government of a people by its own members or their representatives instead of by some outside power

Front 196

seniority

Back 196

consideration given to length of service in a legislative body in making assignments to important positions or to membership in committees of that body

Front 197

social security

Back 197

federal system of old age, unemployment, and disability insurance for employed and dependent persons

Front 198

sovereignty

Back 198

supreme and independent power or authority in government

Front 199

speaker

Back 199

public official who presides over a law-making body such as the house of representatives

Front 200

state

Back 200

any of the political units that constitute the federal government

Front 201

statute

Back 201

law passed by a legislative body

Front 202

subpoena

Back 202

written order ti a oerson to appear in court or before a legislative body to give evidence

Front 203

subversive

Back 203

referring to an act or a person that would tend to overthrow the existing government

Front 204

suffrage

Back 204

right to vote in political election or on politicol matters

Front 205

summons

Back 205

written order to appear in court, addressed to a person who may be involved in or have knowledge of a crime

Front 206

supreme court

Back 206

highest federal court whose decisions are final and take precendence over those of all other courts

Front 207

tenure

Back 207

1) length of time a person holds office 2) an individuals right to hold office until retirement or death

Front 208

testify

Back 208

to present evidence in a court under oath

Front 209

ticket

Back 209

list of candidates nominated for election by a political party

Front 210

totalitarian

Back 210

kind of government in which one political party is in power to the exclusion of all others

Front 211

treason

Back 211

betrayal of ones country by actively helping its enemies in their attempt to overthrow it or defeat it in war

Front 212

treaty

Back 212

formal agreement, enetered into by two or more nations, dealing with commerce or policies

Front 213

urban

Back 213

having to do with a town or city

Front 214

veto

Back 214

act or power of a chief executive to turn down a bill pased by a legislative body by actually rejecting it or refusing to sign it

Front 215

vote

Back 215

to cast a ballot or take any other necessary action to express one's choice in an election of a candidate for office or of any proposal for legislative change

Front 216

arbitration

Back 216

attempt to settle or settlement of, a dispute by submitting it to a thirs party designed to decide it after hearing evidence presented by both sides

Front 217

asset

Back 217

property and resources of all kinds of a person or corporation

Front 218

automation

Back 218

productiont and distribution of goods automaticalls by mechanical and electronic rather than human means

Front 219

balance of payments

Back 219

relationship between a nation's outflow of money (imports, foreign aid) and inflow of money (exports and gifts)

Front 220

balance sheet

Back 220

financial statement balancing the assets, liabilities and net worth of an individual or a business

Front 221

banking

Back 221

practice or recieing, keeeping, lending, or issuing money and making easier exchange of funds

Front 222

bankruptcy

Back 222

financial condition in which a person or business is found legally unable to pay creditors

Front 223

barter

Back 223

system of trading in which one good is exchanged for antoher without the use of money

Front 224

budget

Back 224

statement of an individual, business, or government in which expcted incomes are allocaed as expenses in designated necessary areas

Front 225

business

Back 225

buying and selling of commodities and service for a profit

Front 226

capitalism

Back 226

economic system based on private ownership of the means of production with freedom of private enterprise to earn a profit under free market (competitve conditions) conditions

Front 227

cartel

Back 227

combination of businesses to establish a national or internationsl monopoly by limiting competition

Front 228

caste

Back 228

social class or group formed on the basis of birth or wealth, existing under strict rules within a social system, with little or no movement into or out

Front 229

census

Back 229

official count of the population of a country (required every ten years in the united states constituion)

Front 230

certificate

Back 230

document that shows that a person owns stock and is entitled to the benefits and liabiliteises of a stockholder

Front 231

collective bargaining

Back 231

negotiation between management and labor regaurding wages hours working conditions and other benefits

Front 232

commerce

Back 232

large scale buying a selling of goods involving transportation of the goods between cities or countries

Front 233

commodity

Back 233

any good that is bought or sold in a commercial transaction

Front 234

communism

Back 234

economic system based on ownership of all property by the state and in marx's view on equal distibution of economic goods through revolutionary means

Front 235

compensation

Back 235

payment given as a recompense for an injury or loss, as to a owrker who has been hurt on the job

Front 236

competition

Back 236

in a free enterprise system, the attempts by rival businesses to get customers for the goods tehy manufactire or distribute

Front 237

consumer

Back 237

one who uses goods or servises out of need

Front 238

consumer price index

Back 238

single number that compares consumer prices in one year with prices paid by consumers in previous years

Front 239

contract

Back 239

agreement between two or more people or companies to do something, set forth in writinge or orally and enforceable by law

Front 240

corporation

Back 240

group of individuals who possess shares and have the privileges and obligations of a single personm with limited liability

Front 241

cost

Back 241

amount if money, labor, and other expenses involved in producing or obtainning goods or services

Front 242

craft

Back 242

members of trade requiring special skills, such as printing

Front 243

crash

Back 243

sudden decline in market values of shares in a business

Front 244

credit

Back 244

money, based on a persons economic standing, that he or she is allowed to borrow and repay at a later date

Front 245

creditor

Back 245

person or institution to whom money is owned

Front 246

currency

Back 246

money, such as a coin or bank notes that is in circulation in a country

Front 247

customs

Back 247

duty or tax leveled by a government on imported and exported goods

Front 248

cycle

Back 248

inbusiness a sequence of events that occurs and recurs in a given order and involves boom, downturn, depression or recesion and recovery

Front 249

debt

Back 249

obligation of an indivudal or coporation to pay something to a creditor

Front 250

deficit

Back 250

amount by which a corporation's or a government's debts are greater than its credits or assets

Front 251

deflation

Back 251

fall in prices brought about by a decrease in spending

Front 252

demand

Back 252

desire and ability to pay for goods and services usually within a given price range at a given time

Front 253

depletion

Back 253

using up of natural resources such as oil and timber

Front 254

deposit

Back 254

money put into a bank or given in partial payment for something purchased

Front 255

depreciation

Back 255

decrease in value of business property or equipment through wear and tear

Front 256

depression

Back 256

period of low business activity wide unemployment, and falling prices

Front 257

devaluation

Back 257

lowering of the exchange value of one currency with respect to another by decreasing the amount of gold backing it

Front 258

discount

Back 258

amount deducted from the original price of something sold

Front 259

discrimination

Back 259

process of making goods and services available to consumers, as well as the promotion of the buying and selling of these goods and services

Front 260

economics

Back 260

science that deals with the production, distibution, and consumption of goods and services

Front 261

economic system

Back 261

manner in which a nations resources are used and goods and services are produced and distributed

Front 262

economy

Back 262

structure and functioningof a nations economic system

Front 263

entrepreneur

Back 263

person who enters into business and risks his or her skills, time, and money in the hope of earning profit

Front 264

equilibrium

Back 264

market price at which supply equals demand

Front 265

excise

Back 265

tax on the production, sale or use of certain commodities within a country

Front 266

export

Back 266

goods sold by one country to another

Front 267

extended family

Back 267

family that includes other relatives beyond the immediate nuclear (parents and kids) family

Front 268

fiscal

Back 268

having to do with taxes, public revenues, or public debt

Front 269

foreign exchange

Back 269

currency that can be used to pay international debts

Front 270

fringe

Back 270

benefit given by an employer that although not paid directly aw wages, involves a cost to the employer

Front 271

goods

Back 271

merchandise

Front 272

gross national product (gnp)

Back 272

total value of nation's annual output of goods and services

Front 273

import

Back 273

goods brought into by onecountry from another

Front 274

income

Back 274

money recieved by a person or business organization for work or services perpormed or from investment or property

Front 275

industry

Back 275

businesses as a group that are engaged in manufacturing

Front 276

inflation

Back 276

rise in prices caused by an increase in the amountof money in circulation or vu an increase in the amount of spending resulting from greater demand than supply

Front 277

input

Back 277

amount of money and or manpower invested in a project or process

Front 278

installment

Back 278

system of credit in which goods purchased are paid for over a period of time by partial payments

Front 279

interest

Back 279

1) charge for money borrowed usually expressed as a percentage of the money lent 2) money paid to a depositor for money left in a bank for a stated period

Front 280

investment

Back 280

money put into a business or property in the hope of recieving income or earning a profit

Front 281

labor

Back 281

economic group of wage earning workers

Front 282

levy

Back 282

tax imposed or collected by a government or other authority

Front 283

liability

Back 283

dbt owed by a business a corporation or other authority

Front 284

lockout

Back 284

prevention by an employer of his or her workers from working during a dispute

Front 285

loss

Back 285

amount by which the cost of an article sold is greater than the selling price

Front 286

management

Back 286

those who direct the affairs of a business or industry

Front 287

margin

Back 287

difference between the cost and the selling price of a product

Front 288

market

Back 288

buying and selling of goods and property

Front 289

mediation

Back 289

entry of a third party into a dispute between management and labor, with the intention of settling it fairly

Front 290

merger

Back 290

combination of two or more businesses or corporations in which one of them eventually controls the others

Front 291

monetary

Back 291

having to do with the money of a country

Front 292

money

Back 292

coin or paper stamped by government authoirity, used as a medium of exchange and measure of value

Front 293

monopoly

Back 293

exclusive control of a product or service iin a market so that prices for the product or service can be fixed and competition eliminated

Front 294

note

Back 294

written promise to pay a debt, such as a promissory note

Front 295

obsolescence

Back 295

process by which the plant and equipment of a business become outdated and can no longer be used efficiently to produce the goods needed

Front 296

output

Back 296

work done or amount produced by a person, machine, or assembly line in a given period

Front 297

overhead

Back 297

costs involved in running a business such as those for rent and electricity

Front 298

panic

Back 298

period in which fear of economic collapse results in frenzied attempts to convert propertym goods, and securities into cash

Front 299

partnership

Back 299

form of business organization in which two or more eople put money or property into a business and share the profits or loses

Front 300

poverty

Back 300

extreme lack of the things necessary to sustain life, such as food shelter and clothing

Front 301

price

Back 301

amount of money or its equivalent for which anything is bought sold or offered for sale

Front 302

production

Back 302

creation of economic value by making goods and services available to meet the needs of consumers

Front 303

productivity

Back 303

degree of ability to produce goods and services of economic value

Front 304

profit

Back 304

amount by which the selling price of an article sold is greater than the cost

Front 305

property

Back 305

possessions that may be personal (movable) land or real estate or securities (stocks and bonds)

Front 306

prosperity

Back 306

condition in which the economy of a country or a business enjoys a state of well being

Front 307

recession

Back 307

period of temporarily reduced business activity

Front 308

rent

Back 308

income recieved by a land or property owner for the use of his or her land or property

Front 309

resources

Back 309

natural and human assets that can be used to produce economic goods or provide services

Front 310

revenue

Back 310

income from taxes and other sources that is available for use on behalf of the public

Front 311

savings

Back 311

total money saved by an indivuidual or a nation

Front 312

scab

Back 312

employee of a business who coninues to work during a strike against that business

Front 313

scarcity

Back 313

gap between the supply of goods produced and human needs

Front 314

securities

Back 314

documents, usually bonds or stock certificates that are evidence of either indebtedness that has economic value`

Front 315

services

Back 315

duties performed or work done for others that has economic value

Front 316

shop

Back 316

if open, a business establishment where workers are employed regardless of union membership if union one in which labor and management agree that all employees must be union members

Front 317

slum

Back 317

highly crowded area in which housing is rundown, sanitary conditions are poor, and poverty is widespread

Front 318

socialism

Back 318

ownership and operation of the means of production and distribution by society rather than by private persons with all members sharing in the work and the products

Front 319

socioeconomic status

Back 319

position in society based on social and economis factors such as wealth

Front 320

speculation

Back 320

use of capitol to buy and sell stocks, propertym commodities, and businesses in situations where above-average risk is taken

Front 321

standard of living

Back 321

level of subsistence of a country or an individual that takes into account possession of the necessities and comforts of life

Front 322

stock

Back 322

shares held by an individual in a corporation

Front 323

strike

Back 323

work stoppage carried out by workers to force the employer to improve working conditions and benefits and/or increase wages

Front 324

subsidy

Back 324

sum of money given by a government to a privaate individual or business in the public interest

Front 325

subsistence

Back 325

lowest level of food, clothing and shelter needed to sustain life

Front 326

supply

Back 326

amount of goods over and above is needed

Front 327

surplus

Back 327

amount of goods and services available for sale usually within a given price range at a given time

Front 328

surtax

Back 328

tax that is added to an already exsisting tax

Front 329

tariff

Back 329

tax imposed by a country on imported goods

Front 330

tax

Back 330

sum that an individual or corporation is required by the government to pay on income or property or an object purchased

Front 331

technology

Back 331

use of a scientific knowledge in industry and commerce

Front 332

trade

Back 332

buying and selling of economis goods

Front 333

trust

Back 333

combination of corporations in an industry to control prices and eliminate competition

Front 334

underdeveloped nation

Back 334

country inadequately developed economically and indusrially with a relatively low standard of living

Front 335

unemployment

Back 335

condition of being out of work

Front 336

union

Back 336

organization or workers that seeks to protect and advance the interests of its members with respect to working conditions and wages usually through collective bargaining

Front 337

wages

Back 337

money paid to an employee for work done

Front 338

wealth

Back 338

everything having economic value measurable in price

Front 339

welfare

Back 339

referring to a state or nation in which government rather than private organizations assumes the primary responsiblity for the well being of its citizens

Front 340

wildcat

Back 340

referring to a strike that takes place without the permission of the union representing the striking workers

Front 341

altitude

Back 341

elevation of an object above sea level

Front 342

antarctic

Back 342

relatinf to the region near the south pole

Front 343

archipelago

Back 343

group of many islands

Front 344

arctic

Back 344

relating to the region around the north pole to approximately 65 degrees N

Front 345

basin

Back 345

body of water partly or fully enclosed

Front 346

bay

Back 346

inlet of the sea or other body of water usally smaller than a gulf

Front 347

bayou

Back 347

lake occupying the abondoned part of a stram chanel

Front 348

bluff

Back 348

steep rise of ground between bottom land and higher land on the shore of a river sea or lake

Front 349

canyon

Back 349

deep, narrow valley with steep sides cut by a river

Front 350

climate

Back 350

average weather conditions at a given place over a period of years as evidenced by temperature precipitation and winds

Front 351

conservation

Back 351

planned management of natural resources to prevent explotation destruction or neglect

Front 352

continent

Back 352

one of the great land areas of the earth

Front 353

cyclone

Back 353

violent storm or a system of winds rotating about a calm center of low atmospheric pressure, traveling at a speed of 20mph to 30mph and accompanied by rain

Front 354

delta

Back 354

triangular or fan shaped area of low lying land formed by deposits at the mouth of a river

Front 355

desert

Back 355

dry, barren expanse of land unable to support normal plant and animal life

Front 356

drought

Back 356

prolonged period of lack of rainfall

Front 357

earthquacke

Back 357

shaking or trembling of the earth that is volcanic in origin or involves the earths crust

Front 358

ecology

Back 358

science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their enviroments

Front 359

elevation

Back 359

height above the level of the sea

Front 360

enviroment

Back 360

climactiv, soil, and living factors that influence an organism or an ecological community

Front 361

equator

Back 361

great circle of the earth that is equidistant from the north and south poles and divides the earths surfaces into the northern and southern hemispheres

Front 362

equinox

Back 362

one of two times each year when day and night are everwhere of equal length

Front 363

erosion

Back 363

wearing away by the action of water wind or glacial ice of the surface features of the earth -mountains, plateaus, valleys, coasts

Front 364

far east

Back 364

countries of east asia including japan china and korea, and southeast asia and the malay archipelago

Front 365

fault

Back 365

break in the earths crust accompanied by a displacement of one side of the break with respect to the other

Front 366

fauna

Back 366

animals or animal life of a region

Front 367

flora

Back 367

plants or plant life of a region or special envirmoent

Front 368

front

Back 368

boundary between differening air masses that differ in temperature

Front 369

geyser

Back 369

hot spring that from time to time violently ejects boiling water and steam

Front 370

glacier

Back 370

large mass of ice and snow moving slowly down a mountain or valley

Front 371

globe

Back 371

spherical model of the earth

Front 372

grassland

Back 372

area of grass or grasslike vegetation such as a prarie

Front 373

gulf

Back 373

large area of a sea or ocean partially enclosed by land

Front 374

habitat

Back 374

region where a particular plant or animal naturally lives

Front 375

high

Back 375

center of high atmospheric pressure

Front 376

humidity

Back 376

moisture or water vapor in the atmosphere

Front 377

hurricane

Back 377

severe tropical cyclone having winds of over 75 miles per hour and usually involving heavy rains

Front 378

island

Back 378

land mass, smaller than a continent, entirely surrounded by water

Front 379

isthmus

Back 379

narrow strip of land having water at each side and connecting two larger bodies of land

Front 380

jungle

Back 380

land densely overgrowwn with tropical vegetation and trees

Front 381

lake

Back 381

relatively large inland body of water

Front 382

landlocked

Back 382

surrounded by land, as a bay

Front 383

latin america

Back 383

part of the western hemisphere south of the united states, mexico central america the west indies and south america

Front 384

latitude

Back 384

distance north or south of the equator measured in degrees

Front 385

legend

Back 385

title or key accompanying an illistration or map

Front 386

longituted

Back 386

distance east or west of the prime meridian

Front 387

low

Back 387

region of depressed barometric pressure

Front 388

map

Back 388

representation on a flat surface of all or part of the earth

Front 389

meritime

Back 389

on, near, or living near the sea

Front 390

mediterranean climate

Back 390

climate characterized by warm dry summers and rainy winters

Front 391

meridian

Back 391

any of the lines of longitute

Front 392

mesa

Back 392

high broad and flat platuea bounded by a steep cliff

Front 393

metroplis

Back 393

any large, important city

Front 394

middle east

Back 394

lands from the eastern shores of the mediterranean and aegean seas to india

Front 395

migration

Back 395

movement of people from one region or country to another with the intention to settle there

Front 396

monsson

Back 396

seasonal wind that blows over the indian ocean from australia to india

Front 397

natural resources

Back 397

forms of wealther supplied by nature such as coal oil and water power

Front 398

oasis

Back 398

place in a desert that is fertile because of the presence of water

Front 399

ocean

Back 399

any of the five main divisions of the body of salt water that covers over 70 percent of the earths surface atlantic pacific indian arctic or antarctic

Front 400

parallel

Back 400

imaginary line parallel to the equator and representing degrees of longitute on the earths surface

Front 401

peninsula

Back 401

land area almost entirely surounded by water and connected to the mainland by a narrow strip of land

Front 402

plain

Back 402

extent of level country

Front 403

plateau

Back 403

elevated tract of fairly level land

Front 404

polar ice cap

Back 404

mass of glacial ice that spreads slowly out in all directions from the poles

Front 405

population density

Back 405

number of people in a given area

Front 406

population explosion

Back 406

very great and continuing increase in human population in modern times

Front 407

prairie

Back 407

large area of level or slightly rolling grassland that occupies the region between the ohio and the mississippi-missouri rivers

Front 408

precipitation

Back 408

rain snow sleet deposited on earth

Front 409

prime meridian

Back 409

great circle on the earths surface from which longitute is measured both east and wast 0degrees longitude

Front 410

rainfall

Back 410

amount of water falling in the form of rain snow etc over a given area and in a given period of time

Front 411

rain forest

Back 411

dense evergreen forest occupying a tropical region that has abundant rainfall throughout the year

Front 412

range

Back 412

a series of connected mountains forming a single system

Front 413

raw material

Back 413

material still in its natural or original state, before processing or manufacture

Front 414

region

Back 414

lrage indefinite part of the earths surface

Front 415

relative humidty

Back 415

amount of moisture in the air expressed as a percentage as compared with the maximum amount that the air could contain at the same temperature

Front 416

revolution

Back 416

movement of a heavenly body as a star or planet, in an orbit or circle

Front 417

rotation

Back 417

turning of a body such as the earth around a center point or axis

Front 418

scale

Back 418

proportion that the size of a feature on a map bears to the actual size of the feature it represents

Front 419

sea

Back 419

large body of salt water wholly or partly enclosed by land

Front 420

season

Back 420

any of four divisions of the year, characterized chiefly by differences in temperature precipitation amount of daylight and plant growth

Front 421

solsitce

Back 421

either of two points on the suns path at which it is farthest north of farthest south of the equator

Front 422

sound

Back 422

wide chanel or straight linking two large bodies of water or seperating and island from the mainland

Front 423

steppe

Back 423

in europe and asia cast usually level plain having few trees

Front 424

strait

Back 424

narrow waterway connecting two large bodies of water

Front 425

subcontinent

Back 425

large subdivision of a continent

Front 426

subtropical

Back 426

reffering to regions bordering on the tropical zone

Front 427

taiga

Back 427

forests of cone bearing trees in the far north of europe asia and north america

Front 428

temperature zone

Back 428

one of two zones between the tropics and the polar circles

Front 429

terrace

Back 429

any of a series of flat platforms of earth with sloping sides rising one above the other as on a hillside

Front 430

terrain

Back 430

natural or surface features of a tract of land

Front 431

thunderstorm

Back 431

storm accompanied by thunder and lightning

Front 432

tidal wave

Back 432

unusually large wave sent inshore by an earthquake or a very strong wind

Front 433

tides

Back 433

alternating rise and fall of the surfaces of oceans and of waters connected with them caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun and occuring twice in approximately 24 huors

Front 434

topography

Back 434

surface features of a region, including hills valleys rivers lakes and manmade features canals bridges and roads etc

Front 435

tornado

Back 435

violently whirling colomn of air, extending down from amass of storm clouds that usually destroys everything in its rapid advance along a narrow path

Front 436

torrid zone

Back 436

area of earths surface lying between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of capricorn and divded by the equator

Front 437

tributary

Back 437

stream or river flowing into a larger stream or river

Front 438

tropics

Back 438

area between the tropic of cancer and capricorn 23.5 degrees north and south of the equator

Front 439

tundra

Back 439

any of the vast nearly level treeless and marshy plains of the arctic and extreme northern regions

Front 440

typhoon

Back 440

violent tropical cyclone originating in the west pacific especially in the south china sea principally from july to october

Front 441

valley

Back 441

stretch of low land lying between hills or mountains and usually having a river or stream flowing through it

Front 442

volcano

Back 442

cone shaped mountain built up around a vent to form a crater with lava cinders ashes and gases escaping though the vent from the earths interior when the volcano is active

Front 443

weather

Back 443

general condition of the atmosphere at a particular time and place with regard to temperature moisture cloudiness etc

Front 444

westerlies

Back 444

winds blowing primarily from the west

Front 445

wind

Back 445

air naturally in horizontal motion at the earths surface coming from any direction with any degree of velocity