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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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— the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging economic, political, and cultural activities.
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Globalization
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What groups disrupt local ecosystems as they search for resources and manufacturing sites?
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Transnational Firms
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What are the characteristics of our increasingly globalized world?
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cultural hybridization, internationalization of American food, "western" social values, expanded media, free trade
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international organizations that regulate financial exchanges between countries.
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World Bank, IMF and WTO
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What are the arguments against globalization?
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Not a ‘natural’ process
Creating greater inequality between rich and poor Export-oriented economies at the expense of localized, sustainable activities Spreads undesirable elements |
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What is the middle position on globalization?
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eco-nomic globalization is indeed unavoidable. They further contend that, while globalization holds both promises and pitfalls, it can be managed, at both the national and the international levels, to re-duce economic inequalities and protect the natural environment. These experts stress the need for strong, yet efficient national governments, supported by international institutions (such as the UN, World Bank, and IMF) and globalized networks of environmental, labor, and human rights groups.
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In which part of the world is most of the current and future world population growth occurring?
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East Asia
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What is shown in a population pyramid?
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The best graphical indicator of a population’s age and gender structure
This graph depicts the percentage of a population (or, in some cases, the raw number) that is male or female in different age classes, from young to old |
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What are examples of pull forces in migration? |
Pull factors: Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas. |
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What are examples of push forces in migration?
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Push factors: Negative conditions and perceptions that induce people to leave their abode and migrate to a new locale.
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The world’s population is projected to increase by how many people by the year 2025?
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351.4 Million
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What does a TFR less than 2.1 indicate?
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implies that a population has no natural growth because it takes a minimum of two children to replace their parents, with a fraction more to compensate for infant mortality.
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What does a positive/negative net migration rate in a country tell us?
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Positive means Growing Negative means people leaving.
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What are the characteristics of culture?
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speech, religion, ideology, livelihood, and value systems, but also technology, housing, foods, and music.
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such as Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism, attempt to appeal to all peoples, regardless of location or culture. These religions usually have a proselytizing or missionary program that actively seeks new converts throughout the world.
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universalizing religion
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refers to the formal establishment of rule over a foreign population.
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colonialism
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is living on less than $2 per day, with the category of deep poverty defined as existing on less than $1 per day.
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international definition of poverty
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Globalization is the most fundamental reorganization of the planet’s social and economic structures since what time period?
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Industrial Revolutioin
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What is the most significant component of globalization?
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Economic Reorg of the world
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What is GIS stand for
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Geographical Information Systems
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Active promotion of one cultural system at the expense of another is called...
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cultural imperialism
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Reaction against Cultural Imperialism. The process of protecting and defending a cultural system against diluting or offensive cultural expressions, while at the same time promoting national and local cultural values.
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cultural nationalism
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What does geopolitics focus on?
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Interactivity between political power and territory at all scales from the local to the global
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What group of peoples is considered a nation without a state?
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kurdish
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Where does the US fall in the core-periphery model?
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..
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What do “growth” and “development” indicate?
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are often used interchangeably when referring to international economic activities.
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. What is plate tectonics?
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a geophysical theory that Earth is comprised of large geologic platforms, or plates, that move slowly across its surface.
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What are the Earth’s climate controls?
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Latitude
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What is the adiabatic lapse rate?
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which is the rate of cooling with increasing altitude within the lower atmosphere.
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. What causes anthropogenic emissions?
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human caused pollution or greenhouse emissions
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What countries contribute the most greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere?
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..
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Why did the United States oppose the Kyoto Protocol?
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because of political concerns about possible injury to the U.S. economy
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What is a bioregion?
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is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone, but larger than an ecoregion and an ecosystem.
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What are the potential consequences of climate change?
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Flooding due to rainfall changes, sea levels rise, melting of polar icecaps,
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The highest rate of tropical deforestation is occurring in what world region?
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south america
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In what type of bioregion is desertification most likely to occur?
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semiarid grasslands
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Tectonic plate boundaries are associated with what geologic hazards?
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earthquakes
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What is the difference between “weather” and “climate”?
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Weather is the short-term, day-to-day expression of atmospheric processes:
climate is the long term averages from daily weather measurements. |
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What are some examples of fossil fuels?
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coal and oil
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What percentage of the world’s population lives in areas where water shortages are common?
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half.
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How many layers of vegetation does a tropical forest typically have?
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4
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What is carbon inequity?
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Further complications arose from in-creasing tensions between developing and developed countries over the matter of carbon inequity . This term refers to the position taken by developing countries such as China and India, which argue that, be-cause Western industrial countries in North America and Europe have been burning large amounts of fossil fuels since the mid-19th century and because CO 2 stays in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, these countries caused the global warming problem and therefore should fix it. More to the point,
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How big is Canada in relation to the United States in terms of population and land area?
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3.83 sq miles
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In what part of the United States is the Ogallala Aquifer located?
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the great plains
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What features contribute to North America’s highly varied climate and vegetation?
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the region’s size, latitudinal range, and varied terrain
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Approximately how many people live in the North American region currently?
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330 million
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Where is Megalopolis located?
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East coast from boston to washington dc
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In how many stages did the settlement of North America by Europeans take place?
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three
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What are the patterns of North American population movements?
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A trend Westward, Rual to urban migration, The growth of the sunbelt, the movement of blacks out of the south
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Why have U.S. citizens migrated to the Sunbelt South?
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attractive rec opportunities, modest living costs, expanding economy, adoption of air condition
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What is gentrification?
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the process involves the displacement of lower-income residents of central-city neighborhoods by higher-income residents, the improvement of deteriorated inner-city landscapes, and the construction of shopping complexes, sports and entertainment attractions, and convention centers in selected downtown locations.
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What Canadian province has a majority of French-Canadian citizens?
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quebec
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What is the cultural homeland of the Inuit?
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Nunavut, a self-governing territory in Canada
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. What countries are members of NAFTA?
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Canada, Mexico and the US
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What is the most abundant fossil fuel in the United States?
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Coal
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What are the various employment sectors and what types of employment are associated with each?
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primary sector (natural resource extraction) to one with more employment in the secondary (manufacturing or industrial), tertiary (services), and quaternary (information processing) sectors.
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What was the largest urban area affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005?
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New Orleans
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Where does acid rain fall?
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Acid rain falls on the ground on structures where its results are noticed. Acid rain is very dangerous because it causes peeling and corrosion of steel structures. Its damaging effects are caused by the very high amounts of nitric and sulphuric acids that it normally contains.
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What trends are associated with sustainable agriculture?
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Organic Farming,
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What percentage of African Americans lived in the South in 1900 and what percentage is there now?
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90%, 55%
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What are the causes of rural-to-urban migration?
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The causes of rural to urban migration are generally rooted in social or economic situations. Many people will migrate from a rural area to an urban area in search of work or income. People will also migrate to urban areas from rural areas because of a lack of farmland that is available. This makes it impossible to continue to make a living from the land in certain areas. People will also move from rural to urban areas in search of better schools, medical care, or housing for their families.
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What is the relationship between transportation technology and the size and shape of cities in the “Historical Evolution of the City in the US”?
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with new technology in transportation, the cities were able to expand outside of the main area.
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How much oil does the US consume in relationship to how much it produces?
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20 million of barrels day and produces 40 million a day
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What is agriculture in North America like?
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..
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What are the boundaries of Latin America?
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beginning at the Rio Grande (called the Rio Bravo in Mexico) and ending at Tierra del Fuego
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How many residents are in a megacity?
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one billion
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What is the greatest threat to biodiversity in Latin America?
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Deforestation
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What percentage or the Brazilian Amazon rainforest has been destroyed over the last 40 years?
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20%
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What percentage of the world’s plant and animal species are found in the Amazon rainforest?
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50%
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What city in Latin America is an example of a sustainable city?
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curitiba
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What are the characteristics of squatter settlements in Latin America?
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urban poor live in self-built housing on land that does not belong to them.
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What mountain chain that extends the length of South America’s west coast?
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The Andes
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What makes the Amazon River distinctive?
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The Amazon produces approximately 20 percent of all the water that the world's rivers pour into the oceans on its own.
The Amazon River is 6280km long. |
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What 4 countries in Latin America have about 70% of the region’s population?
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Brazil, Mexico, colombia, argentina
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What country of Latin America has the region’s largest population?
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Mexico, Mexico city
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When does urban primacy occur?
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a condition in which a country has a pri-mate city three to four times larger than any other city in the country.
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What Latin American country sends the largest number of legal immigrants to the United States?
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Brazil
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What evidence demonstrates the resilience of the Indian cultures in Latin America?
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the survival of Amerindian languages.
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Signed by Spain and Portugal, Established the line of Demarcation.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas,
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What countries fought over the Falkland Islands in the early 1980s?
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Great britain and Argentina
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What is the most important trade block in Latin America?
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NAFTA
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What are FARC and ELN?
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Insurgencies and Drug Cartels
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What does neoliberal economic development call for?
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..
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A situation where the citizens of a country officially or unofficially use a foreign country's currency as legal tender for conducting transactions. The main reason for _____is because of greater stability in the value of the foreign currency over domestic currency. The downside of _____ is that the country gives up its right to influence its own monetary policy by adjusting the money supply.
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dollarization
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The conversion of tropical forest into pasture, called _______ , is another practice that has contributed to deforestation.
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grassification
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What is the main source of water in Mexico City?
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valley’s aquifer.
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an elevated plateau straddling the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes.
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Altiplano of Latin America
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What is the most densely populated Latin American country?
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....
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What was the key to survival of Amerindians in Latin America?
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land
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What indigenous group lived in the Valley of Mexico?
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..
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What is the predominant language in Latin America, based on the number of native speakers?
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spanish
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What factors have contributed to deforestation in the Caribbean?
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..
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What are the four islands of the Greater Antilles?
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Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico
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What is the Caribbean rimland?
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includes Belize and the Guianas, as well as the Caribbean coast of Central and South America.
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What practice was most responsible for the deforestation of the islands of the Caribbean?
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..
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What is the population of the Caribbean?
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44 million
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What percentage of the people in Haiti between the ages of 15-49 are infected with the HIV/AIDS virus?
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6%
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Anthropologist Charles Wagley coined the term _________ to designate a cultural region that extends from midway up the coast of Brazil through the Guianas and the Caribbean into the southeastern United States.
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plantation America
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Communities of runaway slaves—termed maroons in English, palenques in Spanish, and quilombos in Portuguese—offer interesting examples of African cultural diffusion across the Atlantic.
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maroon societies
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In which Caribbean country is Santería most common?
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haiti
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What types of music are associated with the Caribbean?
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reggae, calypso, merengue, rumba, zouk, and scores of other musical forms.
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What foreign country dominated the Caribbean by the early 20th century?
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The US
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What was the United States policy that held that the U.S. would not tolerate European military involvement in the Western Hemisphere?
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The United States later offered benign-sounding development packages, such as the Good Neighbor Policy (1930s), the Alliance for Progress (1960s), and the Caribbean Basin Initiative (1980s).
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Historically, what crop has been the most important in the Caribbean?
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sugar
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Where do the hurricanes that are prevalent in the Caribbean originate?
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west africa
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Where in the Caribbean is the forest cover largely intact?
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Jamaica and Cuba
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The majority of slaves who were brought to the Caribbean came from where?
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africa
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What is the most commonly spoken language in the Caribbean?
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french
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What country led the Caribbean in the transition from an agrarian economy to an industrial one?
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puerto rico
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What is CARICOM?
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Caribbean Community and Common Market
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Much of the turmoil in 20th-century Latin America surrounded the issue of land ownership, with peasants demanding its redistribution through the process of _________
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agrarian reform
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is a graphical representation of basic climatic parameters, that is monthly average temperature and precipitation, at a certain location.[1] It is used for a quick-view of the climate of a location.
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climograph
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Indeed, the region’s economic success was a function of its ______ , or how well its different locations became linked with one another through improved transportation and communications networks.
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connectivity
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_______ refers to the blending of African, European, and some Amerindian cultural elements into the unique cultural systems found in the Caribbean.
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creolization
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Refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. a conceptualization that tracked the changes in birthrates and death rates over time.
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demographic transition model
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By making access to capital more readily available throughout the world, economists contend, globalization should eventually result in a certain global _____ , implying that the world’s poorer countries will gradually catch up with the more advanced economies.
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economic convergence
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The United States and Canada are _____ in that both nations allocate considerable political power to units of government beneath the national level.
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federal state
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The rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation.
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global warming
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is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions.
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greenhouse effect
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consists of: the personal consumption expenditure, the gross private investment, the government consumption expenditures, the net income from assets abroad (net income receipts), and the gross exports of goods and services, after deducting two components: the gross imports of goods and services, and the indirect business taxes.
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gross national income (GNI)
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The concept of _____ has been used to explain the region’s unique position in the world.
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isolated proximity
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The Malay language overshadows all others in insular Southeast Asia. Malay is native to the Malay Peninsula, eastern Sumatra, and coastal Borneo and was spread historically by merchants and seafar-ers. As a result, it became a common trade language, or ________ , throughout much of the insular realm.
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lingua franca
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are the varied influences that explain why an economic activity is located where it is.
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, location factor
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The Mexican assembly plants, called ______ , that line the border with the United States are characteristic of manu-facturing systems in an increasingly globalized economy. These plants began to be constructed in the 1960s as part of a border industrialization program.
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maquiladora
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is a term traditionally used in Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America to mean a person of combined European and Amerindian descent. The term was used as a racial category in the Casta system that was in use during the Spanish empire's control of their American colonies.
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mestizo
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_____is a small farm or plot of land designed to provide food for the family. They are piece of land less than five hectares. ____ is different from lafundia which refers to large farm of plantation.
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minifundia
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Even though several English, Dutch, and French colonies remained after this date, the United States indi-rectly (and sometimes directly) asserted its control over the region, bringing in a period of ______
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neocolonialism
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Topography also wrings moisture out of storms by forcing moving air masses to cool as they are forced up and over mountain ranges in what is known as the
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orographic effect
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a business practice that trans-fers portions of a company’s production and service activities to lower-cost settings, often located overseas.
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outsourcing
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Crucial in this exchange of labor is the flow of cash (monies sent back home).
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remittances
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refers to the evolution of a nation’s labor force from one dependent on the primary sector (natural resource extraction) to one with more employment in the secondary (manufacturing or industrial), tertiary (services), and quaternary (information processing) sectors.
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sectoral transformation
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