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105 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are three naturally occuring acids?
Formic Acid, Citric Acid, Lacti Acid
What are three artificial acids?
Sulfuric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, Nitric Acid
Why are Acids dangerous?
acids are dangerous because they are harmful to the skin, eyes and mouth. Artificial acids are even more dangerous because they may be concentrated.
What is a characteristic of acids?
Corrosive
How can acids be recognised?
By reacting it with magnesium or washing soda (sodium carbonate)
what is an element that all acids share?
They all contain Hydrogen
What is the difference between strong and weak acids?
Weak acids produce less hydrogen while strong acids produce large amounts
What is neutralisation?
The process of turning an acid or base into a neutral product
What are some examples of neutralisation?
Vinegar on bee stings, Toothpaste.
What is a universal indicater?
A dye that tells the difference between acids and alkaline through colours
What are the three colours that litmus produces?
Red for acids
Blue for bases
Purple for neutral
What is the Ph range for acids and bases?
An acid has a pH range of 1 to 6 Neutral has a range of 7 and bases has a range of 8 to 14
What are the characteristics of an Acid?
Sour
Turn litmus red
Turn universal indicator red
Produce hydrogen ions in solutions
Have low pH values
React with metals and bases
What are the characteristics of bases?
Feel slimy
Turn litmus blue
Turn universal indicator purple
Remove hydrogen ions from solution
Have high pH values
Neutralises acids
What are the universal colours for acids and bases?
Red-Strong Acid
Orange-Medium Acid
Yellow-Weak Acid
Green-Neutral
Blue-Weak Base
Violet-Medium Base
Dark Purple-Strong Base
What happens when Copper Oxide reacts with Hydrochloric Acid?
Copper chloride is formed
What happens when copper oxide reacts with sulfuric acid?
copper sulphate is formed
what happens when copper oxide reacts with nitric acid?
copper nitrate is formed
what happens when copper oxide reacts with acetic acid?
copper acetate is formed
What is a Conductor?
An object that allows the passage of electrons
What is an Insulator?
An object that does not allow the passage of electrons
What is a series circuit?
A circuit where the electrons can only go one direction (all components share one loop of wire)
What is a parallel circuit?
A circuit where the electrons can go in multiple directions (each component has its own loop of wire)
What is current?
The flow of electrons
What is current measured in? and what is its symbol?
Amps (Amperes) Symbol: I
What is voltage?
the amount of energy lost or used per second by a component
What is Voltage measured in and what is its symbol?
Volts Symbol: V
What is a voltmeter?
something that measures the voltage of a component
What is an ammeter?
something that measures the amps in a circuit
Why is electricity dangerous?
Because our bodies are 70% water. The electricity conducts through our body and damages our nervous system.
What is the difference between AC and DC?
Alternating current moves in both directions while Direct Current only moves in one.
What is an earth wire?
A wire that leads the electricity into the ground in case of electrical shock or discharge
What is a fuse?
A thin wire that is designed to melt down if the voltage exceeds safety limitations
What is a diode?
A component that allows the electricity to only move in one direction
What is fuel?
A substance that produce heat energy when it is burned. This is also known as combustion
What are the seven signs of life?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
What is the purpose of a skeleton?
To support the body
To help in movement
To protect body organs
to store minerals
To produce red blood cells
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Hydrostatic skeleton?
Advantages:
Great flexibility
Disadvantages:
Slow movement
No protection for animal
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Exoskeleton?
Advantages:
Hard covering acts as a shield
Move freely and offers good protection
Disadvantages:
Must shed to allow growth
During shedding organism is highly vulnerable
Gravity and weight restrict size
What are the advantages and disadvtanges of a endoskeleton?
Advantages:
Bones are living material so breaks will slowly heal
Disadvantages:
Unless if it is specialized offers minimal to no protection for the animal.
How do muscles create movement?
The muscles contract and move the bones
Where is the fixed joint located?
In the skull
Where is the hinge joint located at?
Fingers, elbows, toes, jaw, knees
Where is the ball and socket joint located at?
Shoulder and hip
Where is the pivot joint located at?
Bottom of the skull and the top of the vertebrae column
What is the purpose of plasma?
Carries hormones, nutrients, and waste
What is the purpose of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen around the body through the haemoglobin
What is the purpose of white blood cells?
To fight infection and bacteria
What are the two types of white blood cells and what is there function?
Lymphocytes:
develops antibodies to fight bacteria and virii
Phagocytes:
Consumes bacteria and virii
What is the purpose of platelets?
Help blood clot to minimalize blood loss.
What is the purpose of arteries?
Carry blood from the heart.
Thick and muscular walls to carry blood under pressure
What is the purpose of veins?
To carry blood to the heart. Less thick and muscular walls as they carry blood at lower temperature. Also contain valves to prevent backflow
What is the purpose of capillaries?
Carry oxygen to cells for resperation. One cell thick to allow easy passage of gas
What is the human blood flow?
RHS
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
LHS
Aorta
Small Intestines
Rest of body
Kidneys
Vena Cava
RHS
Which half of the heart sends blood and which half receives?
Right Ventricle: Sends
Left Ventricle: Receives
Why do large organisms need specialist body organs?
To specialize each of the body functions as the individual cells cannot do this properly due to size of organism
What is the equation for respiration?
Glucose+Oxygen=Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy
What parts of the body is used in breathing?
Nose cavity
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Alveoli
Where does respiration occur?
In every cell's cytoplasm
What is excretion?
Removal of metabolic waste from the body.
What are the organs used in excretion and what is their purpose?
Ureter: Carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Bladder: Carries the urine
Kidneys: Filters blood
What is the purpose of blood?
Carries oxygen and glucose to individual cells
Carrys waste away from the cells
Carries hormones around the body
Regulates heat
What does urine contain and where in the body is it collected?
Nitrogen rich compounds (urea)+salts+Water=Urine. And it is stored in the bladder
What are the two major problems in organ donors?
1: Less than 1% of people who die can be potential donors due to age or the fact that they may have the same problem with their organs as the person who needs them.
2: The body will naturally reject any foreign material to protect ourselves from infection.
What causes an earthquake?
Sudden plate movement
Why does NZ have a lot of earthquakes?
Because we are halfway on the indo australian plate and halfway on the pacific plate
What are the four types of volcano?
Shield.
Cone.
Dome.
Calderas.
What is a volcano?
A weakness in the earths crust which has allowed magma to push up to the surface
What is weathering?
The breakdown of rocks or mountains
How does it occur?
Wind carrying sand and scouring rocks.
Water in rocks freezing and expanding splitting the rock
Glaciers of ice scouring rock
Plant roots growing in the cracks of rocks
Temperature causing them to expand and contract making them split
What is chemical weathering and how does it occur?
Chemical weathering is the weathering of rock due to chemical reactions such as acid rain
What is erosion?
Movement of weathered rock
What are fossils?
Preserved evidence of living organisms
How do fossils form?
When an animal dies the carcass may be buried by erosion rather than being eaten. This is more likely if it dies by a lake, shore, or in the ocean.
The soft parts of the body rot away, and the bones remain. As more and more sediments pile on top of the lower levels may form sedimentar rock. The skeleton may be preserved or turned into stone by minerals seeping into it
What are the three main types of rock?
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
How do Igneous rocks form?
By the cooling of magma
How do Sedimentary rocks form?
Weathering of rocks forming sediments in lakes and oceans
How do Metamorphic rocks form?
Sedimentary rocks that have been heated and crushed under enormous pressure.
What are the properties of metals?
Solid at room temperature (apart from mercury)
High melting points and boiling points
Shiny and silvery (apart from gold and copper)
What are the common properties of gas?
Low melting points
From dull brittle solids that are poor conductors
At room temperature
What is the law of energy conservation?
Energy cannot be destroyed or created, only converted
What are the 20 first elements?
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca
What is a compound?
When two ore more different atoms bond together in a chemical reaction
What are the things that you need for rusting?
Water
Air
Iron
What are conditions that speed up rusting?
Salt
What are conditions that slow down rusting?
Magnesium
Water loss
How do you prevent rusting?
Painting.
Oil and grease
Alloying
Surface oxidation
Galvanised
What is a gamete?
Sex cell
How many chromosomes do we have?
46
What are the puberty changes in males?
Rapid growth
Voice deepens
Chest and shoulders get bigger
Pubic hair
Testes enlarge and start producing sperm
What are the puberty changes in females?
Rapid growth of breasts
Ovaries begin to release ova
Menstruation begin
Hips broaden
Pubic hair starts to grow
What causes puberty in males?
Increased production of Testosterone
What causes puberty in females?
Ovaries start producing Oestrogen and progesterone.
What is mitosis?
Cell division for growth or repair
What is Meiosis?
Gamete division
How many chromosomes does a gamete have?
23
What is a genotype?
gene combination
What is a phenotype
Combination of characteristics
What is Homozygous
Same alleles
what is Heterozygous
Different alleles
What are the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction?
Advantages:
Fast efficient way to reproduce
Offspring are all identical
Doesn't require a male and female
Disadvantages:
Offspring have the same weakness
No distribution
No Variation
What are the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction?
Advantages:
Producing variation
Distributed
Unique
Disadvantages:
Energy loss in producing gametes
What are the male and female gametes for plants?
Male:
Pollen
Female:
Ovule
What is seed dispersal and why is it important?
Seed dispersal is the scattering of seeds through wind, other animals, or initial explosion. this is important as it means the offspring wont have to compete for survival with their parent
What is germination?
The condition of seeds when they are ready to grow.