Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the components of the GI tract.
|
Mouth to anus. Includes the pancreas and gallbladder.
|
|
List some radiologic diagnostic studies for the GI tract.
|
Barium Swallow, small bowel series, Barium enema oral cystogram (HIDA scan), cholangiography, ultrasound, nuclear imaging scans, CT, and MRI.
|
|
What are some endoscopic studies for GI assessment?
|
Capsule endoscopy, upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy, ERCP, and laparoscopy.
|
|
What kind of procedure is a liver biopsy?
|
A needle procedure.
|
|
What is the post-procedure care for a liver biopsy?
|
Lay on the right side for 2 hours, take vitals frequently.
|
|
What are some potential complications from a liver biopsy?
|
Hemorrhage, shock, peritonitis, and pneumothorax.
|
|
What are the components of a liver function test?
|
Bilirubin, albumin, blood ammonia levels, PT, PTT, ALP, AST, ALT, and cholesterol.
|
|
What gives information on bile formation and secretion?
|
Bilirubin.
|
|
What gives information about protein metabolism?
|
Albumin and blood amonia levels.
|
|
What gives information about hemostatic functions?
|
PT and PTT.
|
|
List 3 serum enzyme tests.
|
ALP, AST, and ALT.
|
|
What gives information about lipid metabolism?
|
Cholesterol.
|
|
When assessing nutrition, what is a very important thing to think about?
|
Vitamin imbalances.
|
|
What are some forms of supplemental nutrition?
|
Oral supplements, Tube feedings, and TPN.
|
|
What are 4 types of tube feedings?
|
Nasogastric, nasointestinal, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy.
|
|
In what position should the head of the bed be when receiving a tube feeding?
|
At 30-45 degrees.
|
|
What is TPN?
|
Total perenteral nutrition.
|
|
What is the route for TPN?
|
IV - always central line or PICC.
|
|
What are some treatments for obesity?
|
Nutritional therapy, exercise, behavior-cognitive modification, drugs, and surgery.
|
|
What are the 2 types of ostomies?
|
Illeostomy and colostomy.
|
|
What is an ileostomy?
|
The ileum goes out through the abdominal wall and a stoma is created.
|
|
Is an ileostomy temporary or permanent?
|
Both.
|
|
For what conditions is an ileostomy used?
|
Colitis, Crohn's disease, familial polyposis, cancer, and trauma.
|
|
What is the appearance of the stool received from an ileostomy?
|
Liquid to sem-liquid.
|
|
What is a colostomy?
|
An opening between the colon and abdominal wall and a stoma is created.
|
|
Is a colostomy temporary?
|
It can be temporary or permanent.
|
|
For what conditions is a colostomy used?
|
Cancer, perforated diverticulum, and trauma.
|
|
What is the appearance of the stool received from a colostomy?
|
A formed stool.
|
|
For what kind of ostomy is irrigation used?
|
Colostomy.
|
|
What is GERD?
|
Gastro-esophageal Reflux Disease.
|
|
Is GERD a syndrome or a disease?
|
A syndrome.
|
|
Do children have GERD?
|
No, they have GER.
|
|
What is the etiology of GERD?
|
Reflux of gastric secreation into the esophagus.
|
|
What are the s/s of GERD?
|
Heartburn, N&V, and regurgitation.
|
|
If someone has GERD, what are they more at risk for?
|
Aspriation, pneumonia, or cancer.
|
|
What are the 4 phases of the treatment of GERD?
|
Lifestyle modifications, drugs, more intensive drug management, and surgery.
|
|
What is a hiatal hernia?
|
A portion of the stomach herniates into the esophagus.
|
|
What are the s/s of hiatal hernia?
|
Heartburn and dysphagia.
|
|
How is a hiatal hernia diagnosed?
|
A barium swallow or endoscopy.
|
|
What is the treatment for a hiatal hernia?
|
No ETOH, smoking, or large meals.
|
|
What are potential complications of a hiatal hernia?
|
GERD, hemorrhage, esophageal stenosis, strangulated hernia, and surgery may be needed.
|
|
What is gastritis?
|
Inflammation of gastric mucosa.
|
|
What is one of the most common stomach problems?
|
Gastritis.
|
|
How is gastritis diagnosed?
|
CBC and occult stool.
|
|
What is the treatment of acute gastritis?
|
NPO, IV, antiemetic, antacids, H2 blockers, PPI, and antibiotics.
|
|
What is PUD?
|
Peptic Ulcer Disease.
|
|
Is a PUD more often gastric or duodenal?
|
Duodenal.
|
|
What is the etiology of PUD?
|
Erosion of the GI mucosa resulting from the action of HCL and pepsin.
|
|
What causes PUD?
|
NSAIDS, steroids, smoking, ETOH, caffeine, stress, and H. Pylori.
|
|
What are the s/s of gastric PUD?
|
Epigastri burning or pain 1-2 hrs after a meal and food can aggrevate it.
|
|
What are the s/s of duodenal PUD?
|
Symptoms start 2-4 hrs after a meal, back pain and sometimes no pain, and may be no symptoms until hemorrhage or perforation.
|
|
What are 3 emergency complications of PUD?
|
Hemorrhage, perforation, and gastric outlet obstrution.
|
|
What is the most common emergent complication of PUD?
|
Hemorrhage.
|
|
What is the treatment for PUD?
|
Meds, antibiotics (if H. pylori), decrease stress, and avoid irritants.
|
|
What causes food poisoning?
|
Contaminated food.
|
|
How is food poisoning spread?
|
Person to person and by undercooked or improperly handled foods.
|
|
What are the s/s of food poisoning?
|
NV, diarrhea, and acute gastroenteritis.
|
|
What is the treatment for food poisoning?
|
Correct food prep and correct fluids/electrolytes prn.
|
|
What is new from the CDC concerning food poisoning?
|
Concern about overuse of antibiotics and increased resistant organisms.
|
|
Do you give imodium for food poisoning?
|
No.
|
|
Is diarrhea a symptom or a disease?
|
A symptom.
|
|
Should you always consider diarrhea to be infectious?
|
Yes, always considered infectious.
|
|
What is the main concern with infants and diarrhea?
|
Dehydration.
|
|
What is the treatment for diarrhea?
|
Goal is to decrease the number of stools; educate about handwashing and skin breakdown.
|
|
How do you treat a child with diarrhea?
|
Give them pedialyte/gatorade to replace lytes.
|
|
How often do normal bowel movements occur each day?
|
2-3.
|
|
What disease may be the cause for pediatric constipation?
|
Hirschsprung's Diease. (Part of the colon is not functioning.)
|
|
What may be the issue if an older adult is constipated?
|
Rectal stasis, rectal ulcers, and a tumor could be present.
|
|
What are some contributing factors to constipation?
|
Decreased fiber and fluid intake, decreased amount of exercise, depression, chronic stress, meds, ignoring the urge to defecate, environmental constraints, and socio-cultural beliefs.
|
|
What are some complications with constipation?
|
Unrelenting constipation, hemorrhoids, fecal impaction, and colon perforation.
|
|
What is very important when assessing chronic abdominal pain?
|
H & P.
|
|
Which is tougher to diagnose, acute or chronic abdominal pain?
|
Chronic.
|
|
How are some ways that abdominal pain is diagnosed?
|
CBC, UA, pregnancy test, x-ray, CT, MRI, pelvic/rectal exam, and EKG.
|
|
What med is not given when there is a GI problem?
|
Ibuprofen.
|
|
What can be given right away for abdominal pain?
|
Toradol.
|
|
Why can Toradol be given for abdominal pain?
|
It is less sedating. Sometimes the benefits outweigh the risks.
|
|
What is esophagitis?
|
Frequent complication of GERD.
|
|
What is Barrett's esophagus?
|
Esophageal metaplasia. And another complication of GERD.
|
|
How is Barrett's esophagus diagnosed?
|
By endoscopy and a biopsy every 1 - 3 years.
|
|
What is a complication of Barrett's esophagus?
|
It is precancerous.
|
|
In what patients is esophageal varices most often seen?
|
Patients with cirrhosis.
|
|
Is a GI bleed an emergency?
|
Yes, it is an emergency if it is acute.
|
|
What must a nurse assess for in a patient with a GI bleed?
|
Assess for symptoms of hypovolemic shock.
|
|
What is given to a patient with a GI bleed?
|
IV fluids, IV meds, and blood prn.
|
|
What does the blood look like if the GI bleed is a varicy?
|
It will be bright red.
|
|
What is the appearance of the blood if the GI bleed is in the stomach?
|
It will look like coffee grounds.
|
|
What is the appearance of the stool if the GI bleed is in the upper GI?
|
It will be a black tarry stool.
|
|
What will be the appearance of the stool if the GI bleed is in the lower GI?
|
The stool will be maroon.
|
|
What will the appearance of the stool be if the GI bleed is in the rectum?
|
There will be bright red blood in the stool.
|
|
What is acute pancreatitis?
|
Autodigestion of the pancrease. This is caused by a plugged duct so the enzymes sit in the pancreas and eat at it.
|
|
What causes acute pancreatitis?
|
ETOH use and GB disease.
|
|
What are the s/s of acute pancreatitis?
|
LUQ pain that radiates to the back, Cullens sign, and jaundice.
|
|
What is Cullen's sign?
|
Bluish-black discoloration around the umbilicus.
|
|
How is acute pancreatitis diagnosed?
|
An increase in serum amylase, and increase in serum lipase,and presence of urine amylase.
|
|
How is acute pancreatitis treated?
|
MS, NPO, NG, antibiotics, and prevent shock.
|
|
What is cirrhosis of the liver?
|
Chronic, progressive destruction of the liver.
|
|
What is the major cause of cirrhosis of the liver?
|
ETOH use.
|
|
What are the s/s of cirrhosis of the liver?
|
Pain, dull heavy feeling in RUQ, palpable liver, ascities, jaundice, edema, spider angiomas, and esophageal verices.
|
|
What is a major complication of cirrhosis of the liver?
|
Portal hypertension.
|
|
How is cirrhosis of the liver treated?
|
Weigh daily, need rest, no ibuprofen or asa.
|
|
What is ascites?
|
Accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal/abdominal cavity.
|
|
In what instance would a paracentesis be perfromed?
|
If the patient is SOB.
|
|
What is the etiology of ascites?
|
BP increases liver proteins to go into lymph and the lymph cannot handle the fluid so it releases it into the cavities.
|
|
What is hepatic encephalopathy?
|
Terminal complication of liver disease. Ammonia enters the circulation without detoxification by the liver.
|
|
What are the s/s of hepatic encephalopathy?
|
Disorientation, increasing neuro symptoms, coma and death if left untreated.
|
|
What is the treatment for hepatic encephalopathy?
|
Low to no protein diet, Lactulose, and a liver transplant.
|
|
What does Lactulose do?
|
It binds ammonia.
|
|
What is another name for gall stones?
|
Cholelithiasis.
|
|
What are some s/s of gall stones?
|
Indigetsion, mod-sever pain in RUQ (may radiate to the R shoulder), fever, NV, and restlessness.
|
|
What drug will not affect the spincter of Odii?
|
Demarol.
|
|
How is gall bladder disease treated?
|
Dermerol, antibiotics, fluids, NG (if severe), anticholinergics, antispasmodics, fat-soluble vitamins, bile salts, and Cholestyramine.
|
|
What is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
|
Intermittent and recurrent abdominal pain; may also have excessive gas, urge to defecate, and distension.
|
|
What is the main symptom of IBS?
|
Diarrhea.
|
|
What is used to treat IBS?
|
Anticholinergics, antidiarrheals, tegaserod, relaxation therapy, acupuncture, and dietary changes.
|
|
What area of the bowel is effected in Crohn's disease?
|
Any area of the bowel can be affected.
|
|
What are the s/s of Crohn's disease?
|
Non-bloody diarrhea, intermittent severe abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, abdominal tenderness, wt loss, and malnutrition.
|
|
How is Crohn's disease diagnosed?
|
Barium studies and endoscopy.
|
|
What is the treatment for Crohn's disease?
|
Steroids (if small intestine is involved), sulfasalazine (if colon is involved), Flagyl (if peri-anal area is involved), dietary changes, may have surgery (but not cured by surgery).
|
|
Where does ulcerative colitis begin?
|
In the rectum and moves up the colon.
|
|
What is a risk with ulcerative colitis?
|
Cancer.
|
|
What are the s/s of ulcerative colitis?
|
Bleeding, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
|
|
Where are polyps most common?
|
In the rectal-sigmoid area.
|
|
What is appendicitis?
|
An inflammed appendix.
|
|
What causes appendicits?
|
Accumulate feces obstructing lumen of cecum.
|
|
What are the s/s of appendicits?
|
RLQ pain, anorexia, NV, persistent continuous pain, rebound tenderness, and possible fever.
|
|
What is the treatment for appendicits?
|
Surgery.
|
|
What is diverticulosis?
|
A complication of constipation.
|
|
What is diverticulitis?
|
Inflamed diverticula.
|
|
How is diverticulitis diagnosed?
|
CT with oral contrast.
|
|
What is a hernia?
|
A protrusion of an organ through weak area in wall of cavity.
|
|
What is the most common complication of constipation?
|
Hemorrhoids.
|
|
How are hemorrhoids treated?
|
High fiber diet with increased fluids; prevent constipation and strain.
|
|
What is a cleft lip?
|
Failure of maxillary processes to fuse.
|
|
What is a cleft palate?
|
A midline fissure.
|
|
What is EATF?
|
Esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula.
|
|
What is the etiology of EATF?
|
Failure of esophagus and trachea to develop a continuous tube.
|
|
What is the treatment with EATF?
|
Thoracotomy, maintain airway, prevent aspiration, antibiotics, and have suction available.
|
|
What is pyloric stenosis?
|
Obstruction of circular muscle of pyloric canal.
|
|
What is intussusception?
|
Ileocolic telescoping of intestine.
|