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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How do you treat vomiting |
Anti emetic Gastric cytoprotective agents |
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How do you treat constipation? |
Laxative |
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How do you treat diarrhoea |
Symptomatic ( IVFT) Antibiotics???? Immunosuppressive/ anit inflammatory |
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Why do think vomit |
Food ? Gi inflammation Neoplasia Pancreatic Drugs Motion Psychosomatic |
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Anit emetics are what kind of treatment |
Symptomatic |
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What kinds of anit emetics are there |
Nk1 5-HT3 D2 Rare = M1 H1 |
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NK1 anti emetic work for what |
Chemoreceptors Gi track On the afferent neuron to emetic center |
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What type of drug is maropitant |
NK 1 anit emetics |
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What is maropitant good to use for |
Acute gastroenteritis Cytotoxic induced v+ Motion sickness ( in hight doses!) |
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Where did maropitant work in the body |
Chemoreceptors trigger zone Emetic center |
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How can you give maropitant? |
IV SC PO |
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What do you remember when using maropitant? |
Pain on injection Some human allergy skin response |
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Where do 5-HT3 work |
ChemoreceptorsGi track emetic center |
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What type of anit emetics is ondansetron |
5-HT3 |
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Where does ondansetron work in the body |
Chemoreceptor trigger zone Vagal afferent neurons |
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When should you used Ondansetron |
Reduce nausea and v+ from G/A toxicosis, enteritis, renal, hepatic +Prevent chemo nausea and v+ |
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How can you give Ondansetron? |
IV slow!!!! PO Is off label and expenses |
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When do you have to be careful with Ondansetron |
With fentanyl, tramadol, methadone Make Serotonin syndrome!!!!!! |
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Where do D2 anit emetics work |
Chemoreceptors trigger zone |
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What kind of drug is metoclopramide |
D2 anit emetics |
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Where does metoclopramide work in the body |
Chemoreceptors trigger zone and GI smooth muscle |
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When would you use metoclopramide |
In dogs Acute gastroenteritis Gastroesophageal reflux Reflux gastritis Delayed gastic emptying Cytotoxic induced v+ Motion |
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Dose metoclopramide work in both cat and dogs ? |
No dog only |
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How can you give metoclopramide |
IV SC PO Best CRI |
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What must you remember when using metoclopramide |
Light sensitivity so wrap it |
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What are the side effects of metoclopramide |
Lethargy Depression Sedation Hight dose= behaviour change Abdo discomfort |
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What type of gastic cytoprotective agents are there |
Oral antacids Chemical diffusion barrier Prostaglandin analogues H2- histamine antagonist Proton pump inhibitors |
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How do oral antacids gastic cytoprotective agents work |
React with GI acid to reduce acidity |
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oral antacids rational use? |
Oral only Cheap over counter |
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How do chemical diffusion barrier gastic cytoprotective agents work |
From sticky, viscous substance |
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Ration use of chemical diffusion barrier? |
Gastric ulceartion Oesophagitis |
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What is an chemical diffusion barrier eg |
Sucralfate |
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How do prostaglandin analogue gastic cytoprotective agents work |
Increase mucosa blood flow Up mucus production Up bicarbonate secretion |
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When would you use prostaglandin analogues |
Gi ulceration by NSAID |
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When do you need to be careful with prostaglandin analogues |
Pregnant women |
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Name a eg of prostaglandin analogues |
Misoprostol |
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How do H2-histamine antagonist gastic cytoprotective agents work |
Inhibition histamine receptors in hi wall = 70-90% reduction in gi acid and pepsin secretion |
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When would you use H2-histamine antagonist |
Gastric ulceration prevent and treat G-O reflux |
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What H2-histamine antagonist are there |
Ranitidine< Famotide > |
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How do proton pump inhibitors gastic cytoprotective agents work |
Decrease gastric acid by blocking pump that make hydrochloric Acid |
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Proton pump inhibitors eg are |
Omerprazole Pantoprazole |
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When would you use proton pump inhibitors |
Gi ulceration G-O reflux |
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What time to laxative agents are there? |
Bulk-forming Hyperosmetic Stimulant (Emollient) (Lubricant) |
5 |
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What do bulk forming laxative do ? |
Up fecal water Down intestinal transit time Up frequency of defaecation |
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When so you use bulk forming laxative |
Mildly affected cases Well hydrated |
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What type of hyperosmetic laxative are there? |
Poorly absorbed polysaccharide (lactulose) Polyethylene glycose (Miralax) |
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What type of laxative is lactulose? |
Hyperosmetic |
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What the dose of lactulose used |
0.5ml/kg BID - TID |
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What are lactulose's side effects? |
Flatulence Gas related discomfort |
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What kind of laxative is Miralax? |
Hyperosmetic |
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How do you treat acute diarrhoea is well |
Bland food (GI Low fat) Oral electrolytes IVFT |
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How do you treat chronic diarrhoea |
Elimination diet (Dogs metronidazole) +/- fenbendazole Prednisolone (+/- cyclosporine) Investigations now |
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What the prednisolone dose |
Dog 1-2mg/kg Cat 2-4mg/kg SID the taper off |
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What organ can cause vomiting |
Brain Liver Kidney Thyroid Pancreas |
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What are the most common cause of acute vomiting? |
Dietary Infection ( parasites) Obstruction (foreign body) |
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What are the most common cause of chronic vomiting? |
Inflammatory disease (IBD/ ulceration) |
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What causes acute small intestinal diarrhoea without systemic signs |
Food( change or indiscretion) Helminths ( worms) Protozoa (Giardia) Latrogenic (Drug) |
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What causes small intestinal diarrhoea with systemic sign? |
Bacteria infection ( Salmonella, campylobacter) Viral infections (parvo, panleukopenia, distemper) Toxins Acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea syndrome (dog) Acute pancreatitis |
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What causes acute larger intestinal diarrhoea |
Whipworms Clostridia Giardia Campylobacter |
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What causes chronic small intestinal diarrhoea |
Food Steroid Antibiotics responsive diarrhoea Neoplasia |
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What investigations do you do GI DX |
Hem and biochem+/- urinalysis Endoscopy Faecal exam |
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What kinds of faecal exam are the for go issues |
Direct smear Flotation Bacteriology Giardia Ag test Tritrichomonas foetus PCR |
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What pancreatic disease are common |
Pancreatitis Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Pancreatic neoplasia |
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How do you test for pancreatic |
Serum pancreatic lipase concentration |
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What nutrition deficiencies come form GI disease? |
Protein and calorie malnutrition Electrolytes Vitamin Microminerals |
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How do you assess malnutrition? |
Animal life stage Body condition score Muscle condition score |
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What are the consequence of malnutrition? |
Impaired wound healing Effects immune system Weakness Reduce muscle strength Impaired thermoregulation Down resp,pan,gastro, mental,endo and cardio function |
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What are the signs of EPI |
Weight loss, loose stool flatulence Polyphagia |
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency |
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How to treat EPI |
Digestive enzymes replacement Diet (low fat , high quality maintenance diet) Cobalamin supplementation Other vitamin ?? Antibiotics ?? |
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency |
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What the prognosis for EPI |
Life long Quality of life Life expectancy normal if managed |
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency |
