Gardener And Gardener With Reference To Alternative Evidence, Critically Assess

Front 1

Washoe

Back 1

Lived another 38 years. When she died, caretakers provided lots of report of conversations with her (claimed she knew 250 signs)
SUPPORTS - claim that she'd make further progress. Shows that vocab and abilities were increasing through out her life as human language does well.

Front 2

Washoe given infant chimp, Loulis, to adopt

Back 2

Only signed 7 words to Loulis (who, which, want, where, name, that and sign), but Loulis acquired more than 50 signs from other chimps he lived with.
SUPPORTS - show other chims can acquire Sign Language from each other.
REFUTES - as although shows they can imitate signs, don't5 understand complex rules of human language the way a human child learns these rules.

Front 3

Terrace and Nim Chimpsky

Back 3

recored on tape, over 20,000 communications over 2 year period from Nim but couldn't combine words withoput being prompted by trainers. This shows stimulus response learning, not acquisition of human language.
REFUTES - Washoe could comibine words and transfer generic signs. Where as Terrace's study suggests that chimp's language is very different to a human child.

Front 4

Savage-Rumaugh et al - Bonobo chimps

Back 4

In his research with 2 bonobo chimps (Kanzi and Mulika) - could begin to learn language. Both chimps taught to use lexigrams to communicate. At 17 months old, Kanzi could produce >2500 combinations.
SUPPORTS AND DEVELOPS - both studies show chimps can learn language but this study shows that this ability is dependent on the innate ability of the chimp - some learn better that others.