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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
-Taxinomy and Nomenclature
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Microbial world includes? (4)
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1.Acellular organisms (viruses),
2.Unicellular organisms without a nucleus (prokaryotes/bacteria), 3.Unicellular organisms WITH a nucleus (eukaryotes/fungi and some parasites), 4.Multicellular organisms all have nuclei (eukaryotes/parasites) |
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Eukaryotes comprises (4)
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1.Fungi (Yeasts, moulds and pneumocystic jiroveci),
2.Plants, 3.Parasites, 4.Animals |
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Prokaryotes are _ organisms
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Single cell (1.No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, 2.Free-standing DNA, 3.Extra-chromosomal DNA [plasmid])
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Prokaryote morphology (4)
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1.Coccus (Spherical),
2.Bacillus (Rod shape), 3.Sphirochete (Cork-screw shape), 4.Vibrio (Comma) |
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Clusters of cocci in grapes? Clusters of cocci in chains?
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Grapes: STAPHYLOCOCCI, chains: STREPTOCOCCI
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Helical Form of spirochete?
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Helicobacter Pylori
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Name 1 Vibrio
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Vibro Cholerae
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Eukaryotes are _ organisms
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Single cell OR multi-cell organisms (Have nucleus, mitochondria and membrane bound organelles)
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Guinea worm?
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Draculunculus Medinensis (Rod of Ascelpius)
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Reproduction in the microbial world: Prokaryotes
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Binary fission (asexual, no mitosis) -> CLONAL EXPANSION
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Reproduction in the microbial world: Viruses
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Fission (asexual, use host apparatus) -> CLONAL EXPANSION
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Reproduction in the microbial world: Eukaryotes
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1.Binary fission [Yeasts and some protozoa] -> CLONAL EXPANSION,
2.Sexual Reproduction (mitosis) -> not clonal |
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What is Bacterial Sex/Bacterial conjugation?
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Usage of pillus for exchange of gentic material (i.e tranmists plasmid, Abx resistance, etc.) between 2 bacteria. THERE ARE NO DAUGHTER CELLS
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How do we name microbes?
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Genus + Species (Staph + aureus or Staph + epidermidis)
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2 ways to name viruses?
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1.Scientifically (family, subfamily, genus, species and/or genus name),
2.Colloquial name (influenza, measles, HIV, etc.) |
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How do we name influenza?
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1.Virus type (A,B,C),
2.Geographic Location, 3.Strain number, 4.Year of Isolation, 5.Virus subtype (Hemagglutinin, Neuraminidase; H#, N#) |
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When is the human microbiome colonized?
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At birth (maternal vaginorectal and skin flora) - Colonization occurs in stage throughout infancy and based on environmental contact (Food, social interactions)
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1.1 Bacteriology - BASIC CONCEPT AND KEY DIVISIONS
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2 key families of bacteria?
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1.Pathogen vs non-pathogen [vs opportunistic pathogen],
2.Aerobes vs anaerobes [vs facultative anaerobes] |
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Most basic division which reflects and determines lab Identification, Clinical Tx and Virulence?
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GRAM'S STAIN (what color is the bacteria under the microscope?)
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What are the 4 ingredients of Gram's stain?
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1.CRYSTAL VIOLET (blue - purple),
2.Iodine fixator, 3.Acid and Alcohol or Acetone decolorization, 4.SAFRANIN (red) |
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Bacterial cell wall synthesis
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Polymers of NAM and NAG with chains of amino acids are linked then bound together through penicillin-binding-proteins (penicillin interferes with the ability of penicillin binding protein to link a.a chains together)
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Gram positive bacteria have _ cell wall than the gram negative
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Thicker -> stains blue (blue doesn't decolorize even after the addition of Acid/alcohol or acetone decolorization)
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Gram positive: Color? Suffix?
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BOY: BLUE -> 1.Coccus, 2.Bacillus, 3Iium, 4.Onostoc, 5.Myces
[EXCEPTION: 1.Listeria, 2.Nocardia, 3.Gemella] |
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Gram negative: Color? Suffix?
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GIRL: RED -> 1.Ella, 2.Eria, 3.Ichia, 4.Inia, 5.Encia [EXCEPTION:
1.PseudoMONAS, 2.AeroMONAS, 3.AcinetoBACTER, 4.EnteroBACTER, 5.CitroBACTER, 6.CampyloBACTER, 7.Bacteroides, 8.Haemophilus, 9.Vibrio, 10.Proteus] |
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3 examples of bacteria without cell walls
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1.Mycoplasma (pneumoniae, hominis), 2.Chlamydia (trachomatis),
3.Chlamydophila (pneumonia, psittaci) |
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1.2 Bacteriology - BACTERIAL VIRULENCE FACTORS
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3 examples of bacterial physical defense barriers and adherence virulence factors?
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1.Capsule (i.e strep. coccus -> can't get opsonized by Abs),
2.Biofilms (staph epidermidis), 3.Fimbrae (E coli -> adhesion) |
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Lipopolysaccharides are found on _ bacteria. What do they lead to (3)?
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Gram-NEGATIVE (endotoxin) -> Immune response -> 1.Cytokine Release, 2.Fever, 3.Shock
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Bacterial toxins -> Systemic effects
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Superantigens: Activate 10% of lymphocyte pool (directly bind MHCII on T cell) -> TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME
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Bacterial toxins -> GI distress (4)
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1.Shiga & shiga-like toxin,
2.Toxins A & B (C. Difficile), 3.Cholera toxin, 4.Food poisoning (staph enterotoxin, CPE enterotoxin) |
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Bacterial toxins -> Neurotoxins (3)
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1.Bolinum toxin -> (paralysis, C. Botulinum), 2.Tetanospasmin (teatnus, C Tetani),
3.Shigatoxin -> seizures |
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Bacterial toxins -> Respiratory Distress (4)
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1.Diphteria toxin (URTI, Resp obstruction), 2.Pertussis toxin (Whooping cough, Insulin-induced hypoglycemia),
3.Botulinum toxin (Through paralytic effect), 4.Necrotizing pneumonia (Panton Valentin Leukocidin, S. aureus) |
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Bacterial toxins -> Tissue changes (5)
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1.Alphatoxin (Gas gangrene, C perfrigens), 2.Anthrax toxin (Edema factor, B anthracis), 3.Exfoliatin (staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, S. aureus),
4.Panton Valentin Leukocidin (leukocytes and epithelial cell lysis; Community MRSA), 5.Pyogenic exotoxin (superantigen, necrotizing fascilitis) |
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Bcaterial Toxins -> Renal failure (3)
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1.Shiga toxin,
2.Verotoxin (hemolytic uremic syndrome), 3.E Coli O157 H7 (enterohemorrhagic E coli) |
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Listeriolysin O causes?
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Lysis of phagosomes -> allows the bacterium to replicate intracellularly (evade the immune system)
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