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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The cerebellum influences these motor activities:
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a. Planning and coordinating movements, b. maintaining posture and balance, c. controlling eye movements
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Divisible into a midline vermis flanked by two cerebellar hemispheres
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Cerebellar Cortex
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The three histological layers of the Cerebellum?
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Granule, Purkinje and molecular
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White matter consisting of afferents to and efferents from the cerebellar cortex:
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Medullary Substance
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Most fibers leaving the cerebellar cortex terminate here
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Intrinsic Nuclei
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List the peduncle associated with each level of the brain stem: Medulla, pons and midbrain
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ICP, MCP, SCP
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Separates the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular lobe (or vestibulocerebellum)
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Posterolateral Fissure
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Separates the anterior and posterior lobes
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Primary fissure
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Consists of the vermis (nodulus) and the portions of the cerebellar hemisphere continuous with it (flocculi)
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Flocculonondular Lobe
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Consists of the flocculonodular lobe
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Vestibulocerebellum
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Consists of the vermis and paravermal zones of the cerebellar hemispheres
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Spinocerebellum
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Consists of the lateral zones of the cerebellar hemisphere
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Pontocerebellum
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Lower limbs are represented where?
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rostrally in the anterior lobe
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Upper limbs and face are represented where?
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Caudal in the posterior lobe
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Axial and proximal muscles are represented where?
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Medially in vermis of the spinocerebellum
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Distal limbs are represented where?
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In the paravermis of the spinocerebellum and pontocerebellum
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Head and neck muscles are represented where?
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in the vermis region of the spinocerebellum
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Afferent connections to the Vestibulocerebellum are primary, secondary or both? Ipsilateral or Contralateral?
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Both - from vestibular nerve and vestibular nucli. Both are Ipsilateral.
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An uncrossed tract containing information from individual muscles of the lower limb.
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Posterior Spinocerebellar Tract (PSCT)
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Originates in the cuneate nucleus of the medulla and is the upper limb equivalent of the PSCT
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Cuneocerebellar Tract (CCT)
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Is a double crossed tract
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Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract (ASCT)
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The ASCT carries this information?
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Ipsilateral whole limb Golgi tendon information from lower limb and motor feedback
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Where do the PSCT, CCT, and ASCT terminate?
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Spinocerebellum
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Does the Cerebellum receive information from the reticular formation?
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Yes, Spino-Reticulo-Cerebellar Pathway. Ipsilateral.
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Which sensory trigeminal nuclei project to the cerebellum, and what information does it (they) carry?
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Spinal V Nucleus (Pain thermal light touch), Principal Sensory Nuc of V (pressure and vibration), Mesencephalic Nuc of V (Jaw Jerk reflex)
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Serves as a relay by which the ipsilateral cerebral cortex communicates with the contralateral pontocerebellum
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Pontine nuclei
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Climbing fibers, which terminate on Purkinje cells arise from where?
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Inferior Olivary Complex (IOC)
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Olivocerebellar fibers carry what 3 kinds of information?
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1. Vestibular information 2. Motor feedback from spinal cord, 3. input from various motor areas in the frontal lobe.
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Mossy fibers and Climbing fibers are afferent or efferent neurons?
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Afferent
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Thise fibers form excitatory synapses on granule cells
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Mossy Fibers
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These form excitatory synapses with neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei
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Collateral from mossy and climbing fibers
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Comprise all afferent fibers to the cerebellar cortex except olivocerebellar fibers
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Mossy fibers
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Their axons ascend to the molecular layer and bifurcate to form parallel fibers
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Granule Cells
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Granule cells synapse with Golgi cells, outer stellate cells and basket cells. These three cell types are?
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Inhibitory interneurons
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Is the basic synaptic structure of the granule cell layer.
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The Cerebellar or Synaptic Glomerulus.
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The cerebellar synaptic glomerulus consists of?
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Granule cell dendrites, a mossy fiber axon terminal, a golgi cell axon terminal.
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These make inhibitory synapses on granule cell dendrites
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Golgi cell axons
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Their axons are the only output of the cerebellar cortex
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Purkinje cells
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Purkinje cells use this neurotransmitter. Is it excitatory or inhibitory?
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GABA. Inhibitory.
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Contains two interneurons and extensive synapses
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Molecular cell layer
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How many climbing fibers are there per Purkinje cell?
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One
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Provide powerful inhibition to the Purkinje cell somata, and are excited by parallel fibers
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Basket Cells
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Mossy Fiber stimulation of Purkinje cells is direct or indirect?
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Indirect, via parallel fibers of granule cells
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Purkinje cells can process large amounts of information from various sources for moment to moment. T/F
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TRUE
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Climbing Fibers stimulate Purkinje fibers directly or indirectly?
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Directly
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Is the Cerebellum considered motor or sensory? (from a developmental stance)
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Sensory
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Is the Spino-Reticulo-Cerebellar Pathway crossed or uncrossed?
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Uncrossed (ipsilateral)
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Trigeminocerebellar fibers are crossed or uncrossed?
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Uncrossed (ipsilateral)
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Which afferent fibers are attention deficit disorder? (the retarded ones)
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ASCT
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Which has a larger effect on a few Purkinje cells, Mossy or Climbing fibers?
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Climbing fibers
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List the deep cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral:
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Fastigial, Globose, Emboliform, Dentate (Fat guys eat donuts)
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What are the inputs to deep cerebellar nuclei?
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Mossy and climbing fibers (excitatory) and Purkinje cells (inhibitory)
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The Vestibulocerebellum is afferent or efferent?
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Efferent
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Are possibly involved in motor learning
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Climbing Fibers (and timing and synchronization)
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This cerebellar area influences the action of the vestibulospinal tracts for righting reflex and to stabilize the head/neck for eye movements associated with gaze
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vestibulocerebellum
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Relays information bilaterally via the ICP to vestibular nuclei and reticular formation
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Fastigial nucleus
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Influences activity in the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts (medial descending pathways) to maintain posture and stabilize equilibrium
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Vermal Pathway of Spinocerebellum
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Generates motor patterns of walking
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Vermal Pathway of Spinocerebellum
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Fibers terminate contralaterally in the red nucleus and a thalamic nucleus projecting to motor cortex
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Paravermal Pathway and Pontocerebellum
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The Paravermal pathway activates the lateral descending system (rubrospinal and corticospinal tracts) which do what?
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Control fine, fractionated movements of distal musculature
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Does the paravermal spinocerebellum influence movement on the ipsilateral or contralateral side?
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Ipsilateral
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Neurons from this nucleus project to the contralateral red nucleus and the contralateral thalamus?
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Dentate nucleus
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What influences the planning of complex movements on the ipsilateral side?
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Pontocerebellum
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Which efferent connection of the cerebellar cortex leaves by the MCP?
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None do
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Which efferent connection of the cerebellar cortex leaves by the ICP?
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Vestibulospinal tracts, Medial descending systems (vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts)
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Which efferent connection of the cerebellar cortex leaves by the SCP?
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Lateral descending systems (rubrospinal and corticospinal tracts) from Paravermis and Pontocerebellum
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Medulloblastoma, a brain tumor usually seen in children or in alcoholics, can cause damage to what region? What are the symptoms?
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Vestibulocerebellum (nodulus) Symptoms are ataxic gait, head tremor, nystagmus
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Can cerebellar damage cause speech disturbances?
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Yes, dysarthria and scanning speech
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Vestibulocerebellar fibers enter the cerebellum as climbing or mossy fibers?
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Mossy Fibers
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Cuneocerebellar fibers enter the cerebellum as climbing or mossy fibers?
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Mossy Fibers
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Olivocerebellar fibers enter the cerebellum as climbing or mossy fibers?
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Climbing fibers
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The accessory cuneate nucleus sends (crossed/ uncrossed) cuneocerebellar fibers to the spinocerebellum via the ICP, MCP, or SCP?
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uncrossed, ICP
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Pontocerebellar fibers enter the cerebellum and synapse directly on granule cells or Purkinje cells or both?
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Granule Cells
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What fiber systems terminate in the cerebellum as mossy fibers?
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All fiber tracts entering the cerebellum except Climbing Fibers
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Where in the cerebellum do mossy fibers project besides the granule cells of the cerebellar cortex?
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The deep cerebellar nuclei
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The axons of what cells inhibit granule cells?
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Golgi cell axons
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What two fiber systems form excitatory synapses on Purkinje cell dendrites?
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Climbing fibers and parallel fibers
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What cell type inhibits Purkinje cell dendrites?
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Outer stellate cells
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What cell type inhibits Purkinje cell somata?
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Basket Cells
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What neurotransmitter do Purkinje cells utilize?
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GABA
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Do the Purkinje cells directly project axons to any other CNS location besides the deep cerebellar nuclei?
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Vestibular nuclei
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