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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the pulmonary fungi are true pathogens?
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Histoplasmosis capsulatum
Blastomyces dermatitidis Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Coccidioides immitis |
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Which of the pulmonary fungi are opportunists?
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Pneumocystis jiroveci
Aspergillus spp Zygomycetes |
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What polymer gives fungi their shape?
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Chitin
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Can fungi be encapsulated?
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Yes.
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What sterol compound is found in fungi?
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Ergosterol
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Typical fungal infections are _______________?
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Dimorphic
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What environmental changes affect fungal growth?
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pH, temperature, CO2
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What form do infectious fungi take inside the human body?
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Yeast form
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Fungi produce toxins?
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No.
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What causes the damage to the host from a fungal infection?
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Immune system damage
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Which two cells are needed for mediating infection?
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Neutrophils and T-Cells
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The yeast form of histoplasmosis shows what on its structure?
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Tuberculate - small finger projections
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Is histoplasmosis encapsulated?
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No.
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What type of soil does histoplasmosis like?
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Acidic from droppings
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How is histoplasmosis transmitted?
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Via inhalation of microconidia
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What is the most endemic mycosis in the USA?
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Histoplasmosis
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How does histoplasmosis survive in the macrophage?
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Modulation of pH
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How many weeks until the histoplasmosis stops?
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2 weeks before CMI is activated and T-cells kill off the macrophage + fungi
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How does asymptomatic histoplasmosis present?
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Fever, cough, rash
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Histoplasmosis is self limiting?
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Histoplasmosis
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Where does disseminated histoplasmosis head to?
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Heads to the lymph nodes.
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Can histoplasmosis show up looking like TB?
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It shows up as streaky infilitrate because of calcifcations.
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The rash of histoplasmosis is seen where?
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On the knees
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The yeast form of blastomyces dermatiditis appears ____________ than histoplasmosis?
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Larger
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Where does dermatiditis replicate?
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Extracellularly
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How is dermatiditis transmit?
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Microconidia
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How does dermatiditis adhere to target cells?
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Glucans and glycoprotein BAD1
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What symptom is indicative of disseminated dermatiditis?
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Skin lesion
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Coccidioides immitis has what unique form that looks like a microconidia?
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Spherules
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What is contained in spherule?
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Daughter cells
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How do you get coccidioides immitis?
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Inhalation of athroconidia
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Where do athrospores form?
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On the hyphae of the fungi.
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Where is coccidiodies found in the country?
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The south west
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What disease is caused by coccidioides?
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San Jauquin Valley Fever
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The majority of coccidioides infections are hemantagenous?
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No. 60% are asymptomatic while 40% are respiratory but self limiting. 1% affect skin and give a spotty rash.
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Disseminated coccidioides goes after what two prime sites?
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CNS and bones
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Diagnosis of coccidioides is found where?
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In tissue sample as spherule and as a type 4 hypersensitivity.
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Paracoccidioides shows up as what interesting visual difference in the yeast form?
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Budding yeast that release daughter particles into the body
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Where is paracoccidioides found?
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South America
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What is paracoccidioides frequently referred to as?
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South American blastomycosis.
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What gender does paracoccidioides go after?
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Mostly men
(Probably because of hormone panel) |
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Secondary paracoccidioides appears as what?
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Damage to nose and mouth in form of ulcers
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How does primary paracoccidioides appear?
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Like histoplasmosis
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Pneuocystis jiroveci is found in what population?
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Severely immunocompromised. Opportunisitic
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What was pneumocystis thought to be early on?
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A protozoan
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What compound is missing from pneumocystis?
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Ergosterol
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Can pneumocystis be cultured?
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No.
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What shape does pneumocystis take?
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Any really because of the low chitin.
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Pneumocystis is highly virulent?
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No.
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Pneumocystis relies on what to infect cells?
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MSG (major surface glycoprotein)
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Why doesn't our immunity against pneumocystis stick around?
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Quick mutation rate to the antigenic bit called MSG
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Pneumocystis is transmitted how?
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By inspiration
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Is pneumocystis rare?
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No, it is ubiquitious but infection is rare
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What type of exudate shows up in people with a pnemocystis infection?
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Foamy exudate from what is left of the immune system mounting a response
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How does pneumocystis present?
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At 3-4 weeks, there is a non-productive cough and dyspnea leading to hypoxia and cyanosis.
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Why is cyanosis present in people with pneumocystis?
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Foamy exudate blocks the air transit.
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What format does the aspergillus take?
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Mold form exclusively
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What temperature does the hyphae of aspergillus come out at?
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45 degrees
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What are the two main forms of aspergillus?
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Flavus and fumigatus
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What enzyme does aspergillus have to allow its continued growth?
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Enzymatic proteases that are are extracellular
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Where do you find aspergillus?
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In the soil and decomposing soil
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Invasive asperillus goes where?
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Brain, GI and other organs
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Localized non-invasive asperillus goes where?
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To a single lung site and makes aspergilloma.
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What patients are susceptible to infection?
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Neutropenia and leukopenia
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There are three main species of zygomycosis?
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Oryzae
Pussilus Corymbifera |
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What form does zygomycosis take?
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Mold
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What is indicative of about the hyphae on zygomycosis?
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At 90 degree angles
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Does zygomycosis show conidia in tissue?
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No
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Where is zygomycosis found?
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In rotting vegetation and fruits
Inhalation of conidia |
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What are risk factors of zygomycosis?
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Burns, diabetes, cancer, leukemia, corticosteriods
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Rhinocerebral zygomycosis is quite common?
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No, you must have multiple risk factors for it.
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