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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe Anatomical Position |
Body Erect
Head, Palms, and Feet facing forward |
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Name 2 Movements that Occur in the Sagittal Plane
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Flexion
Extension Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion Protusion Retrusion |
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Name 2 Movements that Occur in the Coronal Plane
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Lateral Flexion
Abduction Adduction Inversion Eversion Elevation Depression |
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What are the contents of the cranial cavity?
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Brain
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What are the contents of the Mediastinum?
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Heart
Great Vessels of the Heart Esophagus Trachea Thymus Lymph Nodes Thoracic Duct |
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List the overall functions of epithelial tissue (not necessarily what each individual type does)
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Protection
Absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory Reception |
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Where can you find SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
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Kidneys
Lungs Blood Vessels |
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What is the function of SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
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Secretion
Absorption |
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What is the difference between SECRETION and EXCRETION?
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Secretion - out of cell, into blood/body fluid
Excretion - out of body |
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What are the defining characteristics of SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM?
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Tall
Oval Nuclei Can be Ciliated |
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What is the function of STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM?
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Protection
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What does it mean if a cell is KERATINIZED?
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Dead
Strengthening protein for protection |
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Where can you typically find STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM?
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in Excretory Glands (Sweat Glands, Mammary Glands, Salivary Glands)
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What is the purpose of Transitional Epithelium?
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to allow for STRETCH
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What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
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Endocrine - ductless
Exocrine - secrete into ducts |
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The smallest contractile unit of a muscle is:
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Sarcomere
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Muscle contraction cannot occur without what electrolyte?
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Calcium
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Describe Type I muscle fibers
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Slow Twitch
Oxidative Postural Muscles Red in color |
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What type of muscles fatigue quickly
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Type IIb
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What are the 4 main functions of muscle
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Excitability
Contractility Extensibility Elasticity |
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Name two movements that work in the frontal/coronal plane.
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Abduction & adduction
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What distinguishes the retroperitoneal organs from the peritoneal cavity?
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They lie in the dorsal aspect of the abdominopelvic region and do NOT have mesenteries.
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Which type of epithelium tissue can be broken down into non-keratinized and keratinized forms?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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Which type of epithelium tissue can be found in the urinary bladder?
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transitional epithelium
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What are the four types of connective tissue?
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Atypical CT, Loose CT, Dense CT, and cartilage
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Which sensory receptor is for deep pressure and vibration?
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Vater-Pacini corpuscle
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What characteristic does calcium phosphate give to bone?
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makes it strong but not flexible
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What is the junction called where hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone between the diaphysis and the epiphyses?
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epiphyseal plate
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What is an example of a biaxial synovial joint?
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wrist
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Which part of the muscle serves as a storage site for calcium?
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What is the only body part that can perform opposition?
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The thumbs
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The mediastinum contains what?
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The thymus, trachea, esophagus, large arteries and veins to/from the heart, nerves and the pericardial cavity.
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Which organs are suspended by the mesenteries?
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The stomach, part of the large intestine, and the small intestine.
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This type of tissue stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organs
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Transitional Epithelium
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These two types of muscles are considered involuntary
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Smooth muscle and Cardiac muscle
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This type of sensory receptor detects pain
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Free nerve ending
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These type of bone cells break done bone and perform this process
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Osteoclasts; Osteolysis
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This type of growth increases bone diameter
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Appositional Growth
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This portion of the skeleton is composed of the skull, 3 auditory ossicles, the hyoid bone, the sternum, the rib cage, and the vertebral column.
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The Axial Skeleton
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This lubricating fluid is found in joints and nourishes the cartilage
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Synovial Fluid
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Name the six functions of the Muscular System
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Movement of the body
Maintenance of posture Production of body heat Communication Constriction of organs and vessels Contraction of the heart |
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The ability to respond to neural stimulation is?
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Excitability
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How many types of muscle tissue are there? And which one is the only voluntary one?
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3 types
Skeletal muscle |
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When does the muscle contraction end? And what other factors can end a muscle contraction?
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When calcium is fully pumped out
When there no more ATP and there is no release of the cross bridges. |
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Motor units will vary in terms of?
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The number of muscle fibers they contain
Sensitivity to stimuli |
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What is osteoblasts?
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Bone building cells, lays down bone matrix
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What are the two cavities that the body is broken down into?
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Dorsal cavity
Ventral cavity |
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In the pleural cavity which layer is closest to the body wall?
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Parietal pleura
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Name ALL the organs that the Abdomino-pelvic cavity contains
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Stomach, intestines, liver, bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.
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Name the two distinctive layers of the integumentary system and tell which one is superficial and which one is deep.
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Epidermis is the superficial layer
Dermis is the deep layer. |
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Resembles both stratified squamous and columnar. Lines the ureters, urinary bladder and part of the urethra
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Transitional Epithelium
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The layer that is closest to or covers the organ
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Visceral serosa
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Provides support and suspension to hold the viscera in place while still allowing some limited movement
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Mesentery
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Region between the 2 pleural cavitites that contains the thymus, esophagus, trachea, large arteries and veins to heart
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Mediastinum
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Sensory receptors that respond to deep pressure and vibration
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Pacinian Corpusble
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Immature cells responsible for the production of new bone
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Osteoblasts
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Outer layer of the bone that serves as a site of attachment for ligaments and tendons providing protection & durability
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Periosteum
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When a joint allows movement only along one axis
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Monoaxial
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Movable joints
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Diarthrosis
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During contraction, Ca ions enter the pre-synaptic cleft and initiate the release of this neurotransmitter
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ACh (Acetylcholine)
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Name the functions of the skeletal system
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Provides support and framework
Stores minerals and lipids Production of Blood cells Protects easily damaged tissue and organs Leverage |
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Name the cells of the osseous tissue
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Osteogenic
Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Osetocytes |
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Where are osteocytes located?
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between the spaces (or lacunae ) between layers (lamellae)
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characteristices of compact bone
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dense
have osteons varies with thickness form bone to bone |
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characteristics of spongy bone
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very pourous
lighter than compact bone no osteons surround bone marrow or medullary cavity a.ka.a trabeculae |
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what are the two types of connective tissue in bone
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endosteum-thin layer
periosteum-dense layer |
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What are the two types of ossification and when do they occur?
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Intramembranous-occurs in the fetal period
Endochondral-begins with the formation of hyaline cartilage during the fetal period |
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What is the epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line and how does it occur?
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Hyaline cartilage is replace by bone at the junction between the diaphysis and epiphyses- the line occurs when there is not more cartilage
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what are the major joint types
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fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints synovial joints |
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what is the hightest level of organization
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the organism
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Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.
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stratum corneum... stratum lucidum... stratum granulosum... stratum spinosum...stratum basale
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Name and describe the two layers of the Dermis from deep to superficial.
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Reticular Layer- anchor, very strong, has elastic fibers and some collagen. Can has slight stretch.
Papillary Layer (Dermal Papillae)- Contains blood vessels, nerve innervations, and projects into outer layer of skin giving a person their fingerprints. |
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What is the fatty adipose layer deep to the dermis that shares some of the skin's functions?
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the Hypodermis
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Meissner's corpuscle do what?
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touch receptor for fine touch. also known as the two-point discrimination receptor.
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Vater-Pacini corpuscle does what?
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senses deep pressure and deep vibration.
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Krause's corpuscle does what?
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receptor for cold temperatures
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Free Nerve Endings in the skin are used for...
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reception of pain
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Hair Follicle is used in sensory stimulation for what type of touch?
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Light touch
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What is the difference between a callus and a blister
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callus: thickening response to persistent friction; continual adaptive response prevents waring-away of skin
blister: short term severe friction that causes separation of the epidermis from dermis by a fluid-filled pocket; short term trauma |
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These are caused by extreme stretching of skin, tearing the dermal layer; produces scars in dermis that are not elastic
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stretch marks
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These are interspersed between the epidermis and the dermis and are extensions of epidermal layer
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Skin appendages
hair and hair follicles (epidermal) sebaceous glands and follicles (epidermal) sweat glands (dermal) nails (epidermal) |
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These types of glands are found everywhere in the body except for pales and soles
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sebaceous glands and follicles
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sweat glands are found everywhere in the body except for
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nipples and part of external genitalia
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The skeletal system lipids and minerals. What are some examples
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1. calcium makes up 98% in the skeleton and is important in normal concentrations of calcium,phosphorus, magnesium
2. yellow marrow- lipid storage (energy source) |
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This process is where immature cells are responsible for the production of new bone
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osteogenesis
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What is the main function of an osteocyte
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secrete enzymes and maintain healthy bone and mineral content by regulating calcium release and deposition
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Spongy bone is aka...
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trabeculae
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Name and describe the two types of CT in bone
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endosteum- line layer of CT that lies the medullary cavity
perosteum- dense layer of CT that lines surface of bone |
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During movement or exercise, ______________ and _____________ is largely dependent upon muscles ability to produce energy and force
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endurance....speed of motion
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what does axial skeleton consist of
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skull, 3 auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, vertebral column
rib cage sternum |
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Name the structural and functional organization levels of the human body
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chemical/molecular
cellular tissue organ organ system organism *there is an absolute interdependence of the levels. |
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What are the 4 imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position? Name and describe
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MEDIAN: separates body into equal right and left halves
SAGITTAL: separates body into left and right halves CORONAL: aka frontal; separates body anteriorly/posteriorly HOROZONTAL: aka transverse; separates body superiorly/inferiorly OBLIQUE: any plane or section that is not at right angle |
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The body is divided into 2 main categories. What are they
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Dorsal and Ventral
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Describe the dorsal cavity
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fluid filled space whose boundaries are determined by cranium and spinal canal.
divided into cranial cavity- houses brain spinal cavity- houses spinal cord |
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describe ventral cavity
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surrounds respiratory, cardiovasculatory, digestive, urinary and reprod. systems
diaphragm further divies cavity into thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavity |
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the ventral cavity is divided itno the thoracic and abdomino-pelvic cavity. describe ea. cavity subdivision
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thoracic- superior to abdomino-pelvicl; contains mediastimum- region between two pleural cavities that contains thymus, esophogus, trachea, large arteries and veings, nerves and pericardial cavity
abdomino-pelvic- peritoneal cavity: -abdominal: stomach, intestines -pelvic: bladdar, repo organs, rectum |
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this cavity can be described as a sac with its sides very close to one another with two layers made of a serous membrane and secretes serous fluid into space between 2 layers.
Name this cavity and its two layers |
Ventral cavity
layers: visceral serosa: layer that is closest to or covers organs visceral parietal: layer closest to or lines body wall |
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what are the subcavities of ventral cavity
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pericardial
pleural peritoneal |
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how can an organ be located within abdomino-pelvic cavity but not in peritoneum?
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organ is divided my mesentery
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what is a mesentery
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provides support and sispension to hold viscera in place, but still allows movement..
anchors organs to body wall and provies a route for nerves and bl vessels |
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what does the retroperitoneal organs consist of and do these organs have nteries?
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include: kidneys, part of colon, pancreas, adrenals
these organs do NOT have mesenteries, but are partially covered by parietal peritoneum |
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Name and describe the primary tissue types on the human body
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epithelial: innervated by nerve fibers but is avascular
connective: muscle: nervous: |
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functions of epithelial tissue
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protection
act as a barrier permists passage of substance secretion absorption |
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what are the two classifications of epithelia
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simple and stratefied.
simple: single layer of cells from basement membrane to apical surface (contact w/ bl cells) types -simple squamous -simple cuboidal -simple columnar -pseudosatisfied columnar stratefied more than one layer of cells, only basal layer attaches to basement membrane types: -stratefied squamous -stratified cuboidal -stratified columnar -transitional |
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM: description/fxn/location
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description: flattened laterally with sparse cytoplasm; thin and permeable
fxn: filtration, diffusion, secretion location: kidney, glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, bl vessels, lining of ventral cavity, lymphatic vessels *anywhere you see transport of materials |
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SIMPLE SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL:
description/fxn/location |
description: single layer of cuboidal cells
fxn: secretion and absorption loca: dicts and secretly portions of sm glands; kidney tubules |
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simple columnar epithelium: description/fxn/location
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description: single later of tall cells with oval nuclei; some contain cilia and or mucous secreting unicellular cells
fxn: absorption, secretion of mucous, enzymes and other substances loca: nonciliated: digestive tract, gallbladdar and some glands; ciliated: small bronchi in lungs, uterine tubes and some portions of uterus |
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pseudostratified columnar: description/fxn/location
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description: single layer differing in heights
fxn: secretion of mucous especially, location: ducts of large glands, some of male urethra, trachea |
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stratified squamous: description/fxn/location
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description: specific keratinzed form contains surface cells full of keratin
fxn: underlying areas subjected to abrasion location: nonkeratinized: moist lining of esoph. , mouth and vagina keratinzed: forms epidermous of skin |
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strat. cuboidal description/fxn/location
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des: several cell layers;
fxn: protection/secretion loc: rare in body, sm amts in male uretha ands ome large glands |
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transitional epith.
description/fxn/location |
description: resembles strat. squamous and strat. columnar
fxn: stretches readily and permits distention of urinary organ by contained urin loca; lines ureters, urinary bladdar and aprt of uretha |
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difference between endo and exocrine glands
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endo- ductless glands that produce hormones that release directly into bl or lymphastic fluid
exo: secrete subst through a duct onto body surgface or into a body cavity- sweat, saliva, liver, pancreas |
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fxn of CT
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-binding and support
-protection -insulation -transportatio of subst. within body |
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characteristics of ct
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all have living cells surrounded by matrix
differ by: 1. cell type 2. fiber type 3. distribution of fibers -can be vascular (adipose), avascular (cartilage) or pporly vascular (ligamts and tendons) -mostly composed of nonliving extracellular matrix which separates |
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Extra Cellular Protein Fibers
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collagen
-most common -flexible, NOT a lot of elasticity reticular fibers -mesh aid CT to withstand multi-directional forces elastic fibers -elasticity to overal tissue ground substance -most common substance -made of hallauronic acid --lube of ground substance --reduces friction proteogycen -draw h2O in to allow ground subst to be substantiable --intervertebral disc in spine -condrodane sulfur --fluid most common in G.S. |
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types of CT
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atypical
-bone -blood proper subtype -loose --areolar --adipose --reticular -dense --dense regular (tendons, ligamts) --dense irreg (dermis of skin) cartilage -hyaline cartilage -elastic -fibrocartilage |
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receptor for pain
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free nerve ending
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dense layer of CT that lines the surface of the bone
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periosteum
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process of adding layers of bone tissue and supporting vessels and innervation to the existing bone structures superficially
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appositional growth
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small,round, and flat bones
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sesamoid bones
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skeleton that consists of skull, 3 auditory bones, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sacrum, rib cage, and sternum
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axial skeleton
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the muscle's ability to respond to neural stimulation
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excitability
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covers the outside of the entire muscle
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epimysium
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type of myoblast that don't fuse, but exist between cells and function to aid in injury repair
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satellite cells
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myosin myofilaments are connected to the Z-discs by?
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Titin
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Calcium ions enter the pre-synaptic terminal and initiate the release of what?
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neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)
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