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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functional Position
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Palms Facing Legs
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Anatomical Position
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Palms Forward
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Osteokinematic
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Gross Movement of Bones at Joints
Distal part being the reference |
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Arthrokinematic
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Small Amplitude movements
What happens between joint surfaces (roll, glide, etc) |
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Factors of Joint Motion
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Joint Surfaces
Ligamentous Support Muscles and Tendons External Environment Forces ADLs |
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Muscle Contractions
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Insertions Always Pulls Towards the Origin
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Motion Occurs In…?
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In a Plane
About and Axis |
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Three Planes of Motion
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Sagittal Plane
Transverse Plane Frontal Plane |
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Sagittal Plane
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Divide the Body/Extremity in to Halves
- Left and Right |
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Transverse Plane
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Divides the Body into:
- Superior/Inferior |
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Frontal Plane
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Divides the Body/Extremity into:
- Anterior/Posterior |
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Axis of Motions
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Run Perpendicular to Planes of Motion
Axis: - Sagittal Axis - Latera/Frontal Axis - Vertical/Longitudinal Axis |
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Sagittal Axis
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Runs with: Frontal Plane
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Lateral/Frontal Axis
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Runs with: Sagittal Plane
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Vertical/Longitudinal Axis
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Runs with: Transverse Plane
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Nemonic for Remembering Plane/Motion
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Frank
Sinatra Sings Live on T. V. |
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Degrees of Freedom
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How much motion can Occur at a Joint
Based on: - Type of Joint - Joint Motion - Joint Anatomy |
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ABduction
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Frontal Plane/Sagittal Axis
- Movement Away from Mid-Line |
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Adduction
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Frontal Plane/Sagittal Axis
- Movement Towards Mid-Line |
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Flexion
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Sagittal Plane/Lateral Axis
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Extension
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Sagittal Plane/Lateral Axis
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Horizontal ABduction
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Transverse Plane
Primarily: GH Joint/Hip Joint - Flex 90 Degrees and - Move towards/away from the Mid-Line |
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Horizontal Adduction
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Transverse Plane
Primarily: GH Joint/Hip Joint - Flex 90 Degrees and - Move Towards/Away from the Mid-Line |
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Internal Rotation
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Transverse Plane
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External Rotation
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Transverse Plane
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Pronation
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Occurs at the Forearm and Ankle
- Palm Down - Ankles Lean Inward (Eversion) |
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Supination
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Occurs at the Forearm and Ankle
- Palm Up - Ankles Lean Inward (Inversion) |
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Lateral Flexion
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Specific to the Trunk
- In Frontal Plane - Away from Vertical |
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Tissues of the Body
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Epithelial
Connective Muscle Nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue
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Tightly Packed Cells, Different Shapes
- Occurs in Sheets/Over Tissues - Largest Type: Skin - Shapes: Flat, Squamous, Cuboidal Specialized Types: - Mesothelium: Single-Layered, Squamous, Lines Body Cavities/organs - Endothelium: Similar; Forms Inner lining of Heart and Blood/Lymphatic Vessels |
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Connective Tissue
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Fibrous
- Most Common in Body - Fills Space - Makes Tissues More Tough, Able to Withstand Stress Unique Characteristics: - Collagen, Elastic Fibers, Fibroblast (repair) RELEVANCE of Connective Tissue: - Injured Tissues use connective tissue to for scar tissues, too much can limit motion |
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Collagen Fiber
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Non-elastic
Organized in Wavy-Bundles Allows movement until slack is removed |
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Elastic Fibers
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Elastic
Can stretch and return to original length when tension is released |
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Fascia
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Connective Tissue:
"Bandage" "Band" - Connective tissue in Sheaths that Envelopes Structures |
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Tendons/Ligaments
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Connective Tissue:
- Fibers arranged: parallel, closely packed, form cords/bands, resist movement in one direction Tendon: Attaches Muscle > Bone Ligament: Attaches Bone > Bone |
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Cartilage
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Connective Tissue:
- Made: Intercellular Material of Disorganized Cells - Base: Fibrous matrix, harder, tougher, homogenous Most Common Type: Hyaline Cartilage - Smooth, Glassy Appearance - Covers End of Bones to Promote Motion at Joints |
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Types of Skeleton
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Axial
Appendicular |
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Axial
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Head/Neck/Abdomen
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Appendicular
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Extremities
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5 Functions of Bone
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1. Protect Internal Organs
2. Storage of Minerals 3. Production of Blood Cells 4. Support Soft Tissues 5. Lever Systems for Movement |
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4 (+1) Classification of Bone
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1. Long (Humerus)
2. Short (Carpals) 3. Flat (Sternum) 4. Irregular (Vertebrae) +1. Sesamoid (Patella) - Embedded in a Tendon |
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Anatomy of a Long Bone
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Diaphysis
Epiphyses Periosteum |
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Diaphysis
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Shaft of a Long Bone
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Epiphyses
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End of Shaft
Epiphyseal Plate: Growth Plate Articular Cartilage: Covers Epiphyses |
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Periosteum
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Layer around entire Bone
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Bony Landmarks
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Features of Prominences on a Bone
- Indicate: Attachment Sites, Articular Surface Sites e.g. Crest, Facet, Fossa, etc. |
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Joint Articulation
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At Least two Bones Contact
- Articular Cartilage Stabilized By: - Surrounding Structures: ligaments, capsules, muscles |
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Two Joint Classifications
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Structurally: According to Material
*Functionally: According to the Amount of Movement |
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Joint Classification: Fibrosis
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No/Little Movement
Sutures Sydemosis Gomphosis (teeth) |
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Joint Classification: Cartilaginous
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Cartilaginous
- Synchodrosis (ribs - Symphysis - Synovial |
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Synarthodial
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Immovable
- No Separation/Joint Cavity - Sutured - Cartilage - Liagmentous |
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Diarthrodial
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(=) Synovial
Freely Moveable Main Structures: 1. Articular Surfaces 2. Articular Cartilage 3. Articular Capsule 4. Synovial Membrane Accessory Structures: 5. Articular Discs 6. Ligaments 7. Tendons 8. Bursa |
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Ampiarthodial
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Slightly Movable
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Types of Diarthrodial Joint
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Structure Dictates Function:
Pivot Ball and Socket Saddle Hinge Condyloid Gliding |
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Muscle (Functional Characteristics)
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1. Contractility
2. Extensibility 3. Elasticity 4. Excitability 5. Conductibility |
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Types of Muscle
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Smooth: Involuntary, non-striated by ANS (blood vessels)
Cardiac: Involuntary Control, striated by ANS (walls of heart) *Skeletal: Voluntary Control by PNS (efferent), striated, Extensibility/Elasticity, Various Form |
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Classification of Muscle
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Fiber Arrangement
Articulation |
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Muscle Classification (Fiber Arrangement)
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Circular: Around Opening (sphincter)
Fusiform: Tapered Ends Parallel/Quadrangular: Strap Convergent/Triangular: Fan Pennate: Oblique angle to Tendon (Uni, Bi, Multi) |
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Muscle- Related Structures
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Tendon: O and I
Fascia: Go Around muscle Rentinaculum: Dense/Tough tissue around tendons prevent moving out of place Bursae: Fluid filled sacked, between tendons |
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Nervous Tissue
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Specialized for Conduction:
- React to environment - Controls Body Activity Neuron: - Nerve Cell: Axon, Dendrites, Nucleus Triggers Response: - Activate Muscles and Glands |
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Schematic of Nervous System
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CNS (Brain/Spinal Cord)
- PNS (Nerves) > Afferent Division (somatic/Viscera neurons) > Efferent Division - (ANS-Smooth Muscle, etc)(Sympathetic, Parasympathetic) - (Somatic Nervous System - Muscles) |
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Afferent Motor Division
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PNS
- Signal carries information from the Periphery TO the CNS |
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Efferent Motor Division
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PNS
- Single Carries MOTOR Response from the CNS TO the Periphery |
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CSN System
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Brain Spinal Cord
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Spinal Cord
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Interface of CNS and PNS system
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PNS System
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All Nerves
Cranial Nerves x 12 Spinal x 31 ANS Role: Conduct Pulses Toward/Away the CNS |
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Anatomy of Spinal Nerve
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Dorsal Horn - Post. Gray Matter
Ventral Horn - Ant. Gray Matter Dorsal Root - Sensory; Dorsal Ganglion Ventral Root - Motor Spinal Nerve - Mixed (Motor/Sensory) |
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Spinal Nerve Plexus
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Cervical: C1-C8
Thoracic: T1-T12 Lumbar: |
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Function of Vertebrae
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Stability and Mobility
Of Trunk and Upper Limbs Serve as Attachment |
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Vertebral Column
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"Spine"
24 Vertebrae: 7-Cervical , 12-Thoracic, 5-Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx (Fused) Total = 32-33 |
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Vertebral Column (Function)
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Stability
Protect Spinal Cord |
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Movement Of Vertebral Column
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Flexion
Extension (R/L) Rotation (R/L) |
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Development of Curve of the Spine
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Begin as C-Shaped (Kyphotic)
Lordotic Curve - when infant holds head up Lumbar Curve - When child learns to Sit, Stand, Walk |
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Parts of the Vertebrae
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Vertebral Body
Vertebral Arch Components: - Pedicle - Lamina - Sup/Inf Vertebral Notch (form foramen) - Sup/Inf Articular Surface (Forms facets) - Transverse Processes - Spinous Processes |
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Surface Anatomy of Spine
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Palpable Spinous Processes as Landmarks
- Cervicothoracic Junction (C-7) - Scapular Spine (T3) - Inferior Scapular Angle (T7) - 12th Rib (T12) - Iliac Crest (L4) |
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Joints of Vertebral Column
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Synovial (Articular Process)
- Facet Joints -Sliding Movement - Posterior Rami (produces pain) Cartilaginous (Between Vertebral Bodies) - Ligaments of the Spine |
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Ligaments of the Spine
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Three Groups:
- Holds Occiput to Cervical Vertebrae - Between Vertebrae* - Between Spine/Sacrum and Ilium |
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Vertebral Body Ligaments
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Ant. Longitudinal
Posterior Longitudinal |
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Vertebral Arch Ligaments
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Ligamentum Flavum
Interspinous/Intransverse Supraspinous |
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Ant. Longitudinal Ligament
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Cont. of Occipital, C1-C2 (anterior atlanto-axial / Anterior Atlanto-Occipital ligaments)
Covers ant./lat. surfaces of vertebral bodies from Axis to Sacrum (fixed to ant. aspect of vertebral body) Stretched/tight with trunk extension (limits motion) |
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Post. Longitudinal Ligament
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Runs Along Posterior Surface of the Vertebral Bodies (Axis-Sacrum)
From Occiput C1 (Specifically Tectorial Membrane) Located Posterior Vertebral Body/Ant. Vertebral Canal Lateral Expansions over Discs Tightened and Stretched with trunk flexion (limits motion) |
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Ligamentum Flavum
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Paired Ligaments on Post. Surface of Vertebral Canal
- Connects Lamina of Adjacent Vertebrae Yellow Color = High Elastin (Flavum = Yellow) - Elastin allows greater motion during forward flexion, permits recoil to return to resting, w/o folds Stretched/tightened with trunk flex/rotation (limits motion) |
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Interspinous/Intertransverse Ligaments
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Both exist as pairs
Interspinous: Between Spinous Processes in Sagittal Plane - Stretched/tightened w/ trunk flex/rotation (limits Motion) Intertransverse: Between Transverse Processes in Frontal Plane - Stretch/tightened w/ trunk lat. flex (limits motion) |
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Supraspinous Ligament
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Continues from C1-C7 (specifically Nuchae)
Spans Post. aspect of Spinous process Poster. Tip, Process to Process - Limits Motion in Trunk Flexion |
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Intervertebral Discs
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Located from C2-LumboSacral Junction
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Intervertebral Discs (Functions
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Bind Vertebrae Together
Shock Absorption Small Movements Same Number as Vertebral Bodies |
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Disc Composition
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Outer Fibrous Layer (Annulus Fibrosus)
- Layered, dense, fibrous tissue/fibrocartilage - Fibers run oblique. layers alternates direction (x-pattern) Inner Soft Center: Nucleus Pulposus - Semi-Gelaninous Mass (70% H2O) - Slightly Posterior - Shape/Place Altered by Movement |
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Disc Relation to Spinal Nerves
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Nerve Root Exits Spine in Posterior/Lat Side of Vert. Column
Posterior Disk Rupture Compromises Nerve Root |
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LOOK at SLIDE
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CLINICAL CORRELATION
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Spinal Canal
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Created by Stacked Vertebrae
- Bony Protection of Spinal Cord |
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Stenosis
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Narrowing of Spinal Canal
- Causing Pinching |
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Spina Cord Covering
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Dura Mater: Outer Most
Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater: Tightly Applied to Cord |
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Spinal Cord Characteristics
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Brain to L1-L2
Conus Medullaris (L1) Filum Terminale (Pia Mater) Cauda Equina (Spinal Nerves) Nerve Roots Exit via Intervertabral Foramen |
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Spinal Nerve Naming
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Above C7: Same Name of Below Vertebral Body (C8 between C7/T1)
Between C7-T1: C8 Spinal Nerve Below T1: Same Name of the Vertebral Body Above |
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Naming Intervertebral Discs
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Refere to Junction L4/L5
- Vertebrae Above it |
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Nerve Supply to Back (Posterior)
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Branches of Dorsal/Post. Rami (Branch)
- Cutaneous and Motor Supply of Back |
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Extrinsic: Superficial Muscles of the Back/Spine
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Levator Scapulae
Trapezius Rhomboids Latissimus Dorsi |
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Intermediate Muscles of the Back/Spine
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Serratus Posterior/Superior
Serratus Posterior/Inferior A lot of Fascia |
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Intrinsic: Deep Muscles of the Back/Spine
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3 Groups:
Splenius Muscles: - Arise in the Midline - Run Sup./Lat (up and out) Erector Spinae Group - Run almost Straight upward from origin to insertion Transversospinal Group - Arise Lat. and Run Toward Midline (up and in) |
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Splenius Group (Muscles, OIA, Innervation)
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Splenius Capitis:
- O: Inf. Ligamentum Nuchae, C7-T4 Spin.Pro. - I: Occipital Bone, Mastoid Process Splenius Cervicis: - O: T3-T6 Spin.Pro - I: C2-C4 Trans.Pro Innervation: Both; Dorsal rami of Cervical Nerves Action: Both; - Unilateral: Head/Cervical Rotation (Ipsilateral) - Bilateral: Head/Cervical Extension |
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Erector Spinae Group (Muscles, OIA, Innervation)
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Iliocostalis: Most Lateral
Subdivision: Lumborum, Thoracis, Cervicis Longissimus: Middle Subdivision: Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis Spinalis: (Most Medial, Close to Spine) Subdivisions: Thoracis, Cervicis, Capitis Innervation Posterior Rami Actions: Unilateral: Lateral Flexion of Same Side Bilateral: Extension of the Spine "I Like Standing" |
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Transversospinal Group (Muscles, OIA, Innervation)
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Semispinalis:
- Thoraic, Cervicis, Capitis - Span 4-6 Vertebral Levels Trans. Pro. Multifidi: - Deep to Semispinalis - Span 2-4 Vertebral Segments - Contributes to Proprioception Rotators (Long/Short): - Short (Next Vertebrae), Long (Two Vertebrae) - Proprioceptive Functions Innervation: Dorsal Rami of Spinal Nerves Action: Unilateral: Lateral Flex of Spine, Same Side, Rotation of Spine, Opposite Side Bilateral: Extension of Spine |
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Clinical Role of Multifidus Rotatores
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Critical Muscles for Stabilization and Spine
Role: - Common Trigger points that refers into PAIN in Low Back and Sacrum - Quickly Atrophies with Pathology and Pain - Leads to Functional Loss and Disability |
