Functional Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells

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prokaryotes

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microbes with NO nucleus; DNA not enclosed within a membrane; usually singular circularly arranged chromosome; NO histones; lack membrane-enclosed organelles; binary fission; PEPTIDOGLYCAN

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eukaryotes

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DNA found in cell's nucleus; assoc with histones; number of membrane-enclosed organelles; simple cell walls; MITOSIS

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monomorphic

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mainting a single shape (environmental conditions can alter bateria's shape)

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pleomorphic

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having many shapes, not just one

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glycocalyx

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gelatinous polymer that is external to the cell wall of many prokaryotes; composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide or both; covers the plasma membrane of some eukaryotes that do not have cell walls, strengthens cell surface, used to attach cells, & may contribute to cell-cell regonition

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capsule

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organized and firmly attached layer exterior to cell wall

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slime layer

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an unorganized and loosely attached layer external to the cell wall

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flagella

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long filamentous appendages on some prokaryotes that propel bacteria

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atrichous

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bacteria that lack flagella

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monotrichous

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a single polar flagellum

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amphitrichous

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a tuft of flagella at each end of the cell

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lophotrichous

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two or more flagella at each end of the cell

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peritrichous

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flagella distributed over the entire cell

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motility

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the ability of an organism to move by itself

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taxis

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the movement of bacteria toward or away from a particular stimulus

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H antigen

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flagellar protein useful for distinguishing among seovars or variations within gram-negative species

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axial filaments/
endoflagellum

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means of movement by Spirochetes;

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pilin

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hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella that are used for attachment and x-fer of DNA by gram-negative bacteria; 2 types fimbriae and pili

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fimbriae

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like the gylcocalyx, enable a cell to adhere to surfaces including other cell surfaces; occur at poles or all over

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pili

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usually longer than fimbriae join bacterial cells in preparation for the x-fer of DNA from 1 cell to another; only 1 or 2 per cell

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prokaryote
cell wall

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complex (peptidoglycan), rigid, structure responsible for cell shape; protects cell from outside environment; prevent cell from rupturing when water pressure is higher inside the cell

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petidoglycan

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repeating disaccharide and polypeptide bonds that surrounds and protects the cell

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lysis

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destruction caused by rupture of the plasma membrane and the loss of cytoplasm

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Gram-positive cell
wall

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many layers of peptidoglycan; contain teichoic acids

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Gram-negative cell
wall

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few layers of peptidoglycan; periplasm; NO teichoic acid; Lipopolysaccharides (LPS); helps protect against phagocytosis and provides barrier to antibiotics

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teichoic acid

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bind and regulate the moverment of cations in/out of the cell; play role in cell growth & prevention of cell lysis; provide wall's antigenic specificity

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periplasm

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gel-like fluid between cell wall and plasma membrane; contains high degradative enzymes & transport proteins

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Mycoplasm

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smallest bacteria; have no cell walls; plasma membrane contains sterols which protect them from lysis

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pseudomurein

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substance in Archea cell walls; contains N-actyltalosaminuronic acid and lacks D-amino acids found in bacterial cell walls

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mycolic acid

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hydrophobic waxy lipid that prevents the uptake of dyes in Acid-Fast cell walls

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prokaryotic plasma (cytoplasmic) membrane

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thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of the cell; consist mainly of phospholipids and proteins; lack sterols

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fluid mosaic model

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dynamic arrangement of phospholipids and proteins

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selective permeability

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the allowance of certain material to enter and exit the plasma membrane

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simple diffusion

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the net overall movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; NO ATP

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facilitated diffusion

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substance to be transported combines with plasma membrane by means of transporter protein ffom high to low concentration; NO ATP

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osmosis

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the ne movement of solvent molecules accross a selectively permeable membrane from an area with high concentration of solvent molecules to a low concentration

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osmotic
pressure

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the pressure needed to stop the flow of water across the selectively permeable membrane

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isotonic solution

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a medium in which the overall concentration of solutes equals that found inside the cell

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hypotonic solution

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outside the cell is a medium whose concentration of solutes is lower than that inside the cell; osmotic lysis

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hypertonic solution

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a medium having a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell has; plasmolyze

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active transport

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cell uses ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane; from outside to inside; rely on transporter protein; substances not altered by transport

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group translocation

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in prokaryotes only; subtance is chemically altered during transport process; membrane prevents substance from leaving cell; USES ATP

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prokaryotic cytoplasm

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substance inside the plasma membrane; 80% water; contains carbs, proteins (enzymes), lipids, inorganic ions; thick aqueous, semitransparent, & elastic; major structure is nuclear area

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nucleoid

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nuclear area of bacterial cell; contains baterial chromosome; no histones; not surrounded by nuclear envelope

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bacterial
chromosome

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single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA;

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plasmids

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extrachromosomal genetic chromosomes that replicate independently of chromosomal DNA; gained/lost w/o harming the cell; not crucial for survival under normal conditions.

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prokaryotic
ribosomes

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responsible for protein synthesis; 70S; some antibiotics work by inhibiting protein synthesis

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Svedberg units

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indicate the relative rate of sedimentation during ultra-high speed centrifugation

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inclusions

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reserve deposits found within prokaryotes

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gas vacuoles

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hollow cavities found in many aquatic prokaryotes; maintain buoyancy so cells can remain at depth and water to receive sufficient amounts of oxygen, light, and nutrients

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gas vesicles

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hollow cylinders within a gas vacuole that are covered by proteins

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endospore

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specialized resting cells from by gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted; can survive extreme conditions

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sproulation/sporogensis

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the process of endospore formation; takes several hours; can remain dormant for 1000s of years

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germination

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the process of an endospore to return to its vegetative state; triggered by physical or chemical damage to the endospore coat

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eukaryotic cell

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cells having a nucleus; protozoa, algae, fungi, plants, and animals

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eukaryotic flagella

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consist of multiple mictotubules; few and long in relation to the size of the cell; used for locomotion; wavelike movement

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cilia

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numerous and short appendages used for locomotion and moving substances along the cell surface by eukaryotes

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microtubules

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the structural unit of eukaryotic flagella/centriole; made of protein called tubulin; 9+2 array

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eukaryotic cell wall

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simpler than prokaryotic cell wall; algae-cellulose; fungi-chitin; yeast-glucan/mannan; NO peptidoglycan

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pellicle

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flexible outside covering of protozoa; protozoa have NO cell wall

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plasma membranes

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prokaryotic membrane lack sterols and carbohydrates; eukaryotic membrane contain carbohydrates that serve as receptor sites and sterols that aid in resisting lysis by increased osmotic pressure

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endocytosis

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segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle of large molecule and brings it into a cell; 2 types phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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phagocytosis

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cellular projections called pseudopods engulf particles and bring them into the cell

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pinocytosis

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the plasma membrane folds inward, bringing extracellular fluid into the cell along with whatever substances are dissolved in the fluid; one way a virus can enter a cell

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eukaryotic cytoplasm

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substance inside the plasma membrane & outside the nucleus; holds various cellular components; contains microfilaments (rods) and microtubules (cylinders)

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cytosol

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fluid portion of cytoplasm

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cytoskeleton

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provides support and shape and assists in transporting substance through the cell; consist microfilaments and microtubules: NOT in prokaryotes

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cytoplasmic streaming

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the movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another; helps distribute nutrients and move the cell over a surface

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organelles

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structures with specific shapes and specialized functions in eukaryotic cells; important enzymes found in prokaryotic cytoplasm are found in organelles of eukaryotes NOT their cytoplasm

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nucleus

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largest structure in cell; contains almost all of cells hereditary information

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nuclear envelope

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double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

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nuclear pore

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tiny channels in the nuclear membrane that allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm; control movement of substance between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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nucleoli

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spherical bodies within the nuclear envelope; condensed regions of chromosomes where ribosomal RNA is synthesized

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histones

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proteins found within the nucleus

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nucleosome

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the combination of about 165 based pairs of DNA and 9 molecules of histones

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chromatin

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a threadlike mass of DNA and its associated proteins that form when the cell is not reproducing

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chromosomes

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during nuclear division chromatin coils into shorter and thicker rodlike bodies; prokaryotic chromosomes don't undergo this process

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endoplasmic reticulum

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an extensive network of flattened membranous sacs or tubules called cisterns; continuous with the nuclear envelope

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rough endoplasmic reticulum

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studded with ribosomes; factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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extend from the rough ER; synthesize phospholipids like rough ER; synthesizes fats/sterols like estrogen & testosterone

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golgi complex

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the 1st step in the transport pathway of proteins; consist of 3-20 cisterns; adjacent to ER

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transport vesicle

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fused to a cistern of the Golgi complex, releases proteins into the cistern

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transfer vesicle

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carries modified proteins from one cistern to another

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secretory vesicle

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vessels that detach from cisterns and deliver proteins to the plasma membrane

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storage vesicle

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lysosome is the major storage vesicle

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lysosome

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contain powerful enzymes that breakdown various molecules

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vacuoles

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a space of cavity in the cytoplasm that is enclosed by a membrane; stores proteins, sugars, organic acid, inorganic ions.

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mitochondria

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appear throughout the cytoplasm; "powerhouse" of cells b/c plays a central role in ATP production; 70s ribosomes

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cristae

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series of folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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matrix

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semifluid substance in the center of the mitochondrion

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chloroplast

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in algae and green plants, contains pigment chlorophyll and enzyme required for the light-gathering phases of photosynthesis; contains 70s ribosomes & DNA

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thylakoids

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flattened membrane sacs that contain chlorophyll

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peroxisomes

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similar in structure to lysosomes but smaller; contain enzymes capable of oxidizing various organic substances

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centrosome

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located near nucleus; organizing center for the mitotic spindle, which plays a role in cell division; plays a role in microtubule formation in nondividing cells

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endosymbiotic theory

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theory explaining the origin of eukaryotes from prokaryotes pioneered by Lynn Margulis