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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scanning Electron Microscope
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Beam of electrons passes through specimen, high resolution: 1,000 times greater than light microscope, kills specimen because of methods used to prepare slide
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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father of microscopy, saw and decscribed bacteria, yeast, and life in water,
lens up to 300x |
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Stains
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adds color to specimes by fixing to various structures.
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Electrophoresis
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seperates DNA based on molecular size
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chromatography
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molecules of larger size will move slower up paper and smaller will move quicker
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spectrophotometry
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meausures % of light and different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution
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independent variable
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variables we have the power to change, will influence the outcome of the experiment
limit to 4 |
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dependent variable
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factor that will be measured. outcome is dependent on the independent variable
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homologous
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similarities
bat wing, dolphin flipper, human arm, cat leg |
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adaptive radiation
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when you share homolgous structures, which has a specialized function to adapt to different environmental conditions
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divergent evolution
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example: pentadacyl limb and insect mouth parts
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convergent evolution
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similar environmental contions, fundementally different structures undergo modifications to serve similar functions.
wings of bats, birds, insects |
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continental drift
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fossils similar to each other have been found in S. America, Africa, and India
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ATP
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metabolic currency
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proteomic evidence
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supports universal ancestry of life.
Ribosomes, DNA polymerase, RNA plymerase, and vital proteins are in most primative bacteria and most complex mammals |
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speciation
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process by which a new species arises
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Which kingdom is comprised of organisms made of 1 cell with no nucear envelope?
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MONERA
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Potassium Chloride
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example of an ionic bond
a salt |
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Ionic Bond
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formed when 1 electron is stripped away from its atom to join another atom.
called salts |
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monomer
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an amino acid
simpilist structure for a particular macromolecule |
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Polymers
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RNA and DNA
glycogen |
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Properties of water
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high specific heat
strong ionic bonds good solvent high freezing point |
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adhesion
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water stick to other substances
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cohesion
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water sticks to each other by hydrogen bonds
surface tension is caused by this |
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compound
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2 or more elements
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Carbohydrates
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ratio of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon and oxygen
sugars and starches-help make energy |
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monosaccharides
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simple sugars
major nutrients for cells cellular respiration glucose, fructoce, and galactose |
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disaccharide
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joining of 2 or more monosaccharides by condensation to form glycosdic linkage
maltose, lactose, sucrose |
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polysaccharide
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many monomers joined
storage material hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells or building material for protection. starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin |
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starch
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energy; source for plants polymer
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glycogen
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energy; storage for animals, glucose
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cellulose
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used for plant cell walls-structure
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chitin
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found in exoskeletons in arthropods and fungi
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lipids
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glycerol and three fatty acids
hydrophobic |
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Fats
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non-polar carbon-hydrogen
hydrophobic solid at room temp. glycerol and three fatty acids |
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phospholipid
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cell memebrane component
phosphate group linked to Nitrogen group replaces 1 or 2 fatty acids consists of polar head (hydrophillic) and nonpolar head (hydrophobic) |
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hydrophillic
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loves water
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hydrophobic
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hates water
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steroids
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insoluable
carbon skeleton with 4 connecting rings cholesterol hormones: cortisone, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone |
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Protein Functions
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structure and aid in support
stores amino acids transports substances like hemoglobin coordiantes body activities membrane receptor proteins, contraction of muscles, cillia, and flagella; body defencse, enzymes to spee reactions, made of 20 amino acids |
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amino acids
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two groups: amino and acid, fomed via condensation
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peptide bond
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bond formed between two amino acids
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nucleic acids
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DNA and RNA, instructions for amino acids, sequence of proteins and instructions for replicating,
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nucleotide
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a monomer of nucleic acids, 5 carbon, sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base that codes for instructions
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DNA Bases
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Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
A to T and G to C |
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RNA
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A bonds with U and G bonds with C
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Bile
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breaks down fat, produced by the liver
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Chemiosmosis
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generateds the most ATP
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cellular respiration
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metabolic pathway in which food is broken down and made into energy in the form of ATP
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Glycolisis
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1st step in respiration
occurs in cytoplasm of cell no oxygen used |
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What doesn't affect enzyme rate?
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size of the cell
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enzyme lock and key theory
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theory that the shape of the enzyme is specific because it fits into substrates like a key fits into a lock
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enzyme induced fit theory
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theory that the enzyme can strech and bend to fit the substrates.
most excepted theory |
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oxidation
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loss of electron
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reduction
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gaining an electron
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speciation
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process by which a new species arises
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Which kingdom is comprised of organisms made of 1 cell with no nucear envelope?
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MONERA
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Potassium Chloride
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example of an ionic bond
a salt |
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Ionic Bond
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formed when 1 electron is stripped away from its atom to join another atom.
called salts |
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monomer
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an amino acid
simpilist structure for a particular macromolecule |
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Polymers
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RNA and DNA
glycogen |
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Properties of water
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high specific heat
strong ionic bonds good solvent high freezing point |
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adhesion
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water stick to other substances
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cohesion
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water sticks to each other by hydrogen bonds
surface tension is caused by this |
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compound
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2 or more elements
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Krebs Cycle forms
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6 NADPH and 2 FADH2
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Which photosystem makes ATP?
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Photosystem I or P700
composed of a pair of chlorophyll a molecules. Make ATP needed to build glucose |
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Light Reactions
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conversion of solar energy to chemical energy (NADPH)
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As a wavelength decreases
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its energy available increases
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chlorophyll a
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reflects green/blue light and absorbs red
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Diagram
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Krebs Cycle
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chlorophyll b
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reflects yellow/green light and absorbs red
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carotenoids
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reflects yellow/orange and absorbs violet/blue
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Photosynthesis Formula
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CO2 +H20 + energy (sun) --------> C6H12O6 + O2
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A school age boy had chicken pox as a boy. He will most likely not get this disease again because of
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active immunity
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Passive Immunity
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may be passed from one person to another, temporary like with a baby and mom
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Primative atmosphere is made of
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amonia, methane, and hydrogen
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UV
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electromagnetic radiation, effects human health and the environment
UVA penetrates deeper UVB can cause skin cancer, alters DNA, halts replication, causes mutations |
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Greenhouse Effect
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Process by which atmosphere heats up a planet, FOURIER discovered
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ozone depletion
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FABRY & BUISON
spectrophometer measures this, caused by chlorine and bromine radicals that are released by man-made compounds |
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acid rain
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happens when sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides in the environment react with water
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chemosynthesis
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carried out mainly by bacteria in thermal vents
live in harsh conditions, they are eaten they manufacture carbs and other organic molecules |
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prokaryotes
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MONERA, no defined nucleus, most numerous, 1st origins of life most likely, very adaptable, thick cell wall,
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Which Kingdom has one cell with no nuclear membrane?
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MONERA
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Eukaryotes
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protists, fungi, plants, and animals; larger than prokaryotes, many organelles, have nucleus
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exositosis
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secretory mechanisms
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Meosis
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get 4 daughters cells with 1/2 chromosomes
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Passive Transport
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moves the material with the concentration gradient
high to low No energy required |
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Passive Transport Example
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Diffusion
Osmosis |
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isotonic
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water is equal inside and outside
New movement in either direction |
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hypertonic
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More water outside the cell than inside the cell.
Water moves into the cell |
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hypotonic
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More water inside the cell than outside the cell
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Active Transport
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This is transort where the material can move against the gradient
requires energy |
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Membrane Potential
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this is a charge on a cell membrane that acts like a magnet
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DNA syntheisis results in a strand that is synthesized continuously. This i scalled the
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leading strand
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helicase
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an enzyme that unwinds DNA
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topismerase
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This relieves tension in the DNA coils by nicking 1 strand and letting the supercoil relax.
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What are proteins that are synthesized by transcription and translation?
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mRNA and tRNA
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mRNA
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carries information from DNA during transcription to ribosomes
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tRNA
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carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
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translation
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a process that determines the order of the amino acid sequence of a protein by following the pattern of the genetic code
mRNA sequences becomes a polypeptide |
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termination
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This is when the ribosome reaches a stop condon to end translation
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ribosomes
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the site of translation initiation
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elongation
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tRNAs carry the amino acids to the ribosome and place it in order according to the mRNA
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rRNA
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this is the structural and fuctional component of cellular ribosomes.
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Genes fuction in specifying the structure of which molecule?
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proteins
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A protein is 60 amino acids in length. This requires a coded DNA sequence that is:
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180 nucleotides.
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An amino acid condon has how many nucleotides?
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3
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A DNA molecule has ACTAG, The anticodon is
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ACUAUG
because mRNA is a condon |
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represor proteins
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these prevent binding of RNA to promoter regions
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DNA is compacted in chromatin and often complexed with histones. Cells can restrict access of RNA and other transciption factor oto DNA
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chromatin structure
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Gene Splicing
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The addition of base pairs from another organism to plasmind DNA
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Incubation of the cut DNA with foriegn genetic sequence and enzyme lipase results in teh creation of a spliced gene
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Recomiant DNA
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DNA sequencing
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determining the order of bases to allow for identification of genes.
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_________ are made of a protein coat surrounding a nucleic acid.
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Viruses
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__________ factors can influence the structure and experssion of genes.
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Environmental
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mutagens
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This environmental factor can cause mutations in DNA and insert into the host.
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Viruses
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are an environmental factor that can insert their DNA into a host, changing its compositon.
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oncogenes
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These incres malignancy of tumor cells
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Law of Segregation
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one of two allels from each parent is passed to offspring
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Dominant
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fully expressed gene
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genetically homozygous
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pair of identical alleles
example: PP or pp |
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phenotype
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physical expression of genes
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genotype
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genetic expression of genes
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The law that states that alleles sort independently of each other is called:
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The Law of Independent Assortment
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monohybrid cross
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1 character is experimented with
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dihybrid cross
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two characteris are explored
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Lyctic Cycle
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A cycle where a virus enters a host cell and makes copies of nucleic acid and protein coats and reassembles.
Then it breaks out of the host and infects nearby cells. |
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Lysogenic Cycle
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Viruses remain dormant within cells until something initiates it to break out of the cell
Example: Herpes |
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Evolved from earliest cells in an extreme environment
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Archaebacteria
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Baccilli
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rod shaped bacteria
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Cocci
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round shaped bacteria
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Spirilli
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spirla shaped bacteria
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Gram Stain
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procedure used to differentiate cellular make up of bacteria.
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Gram Positive
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these will stain purple
simple cell walls |
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Gram Negative
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Stain pink
more toxic, more resistant to antibiotics and they resist the stain. more complex cell walls |
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binary fission
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an asexual process that divides the cell in half
exact clones |
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Using a gram staaining technique, it is observed that E. coli stains pink, It is therefore a Gram
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Negative Stain
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Thermoacidophiles are
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archae
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Gymnosperms
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1st plants to evolve with the use of seeds for reproduction
less dependent on water, seeds and pollen are carried by wind, cones protect seeds. |
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Angiosperms
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Largest group in the Plantae Kingdom.
flowering plants and produce true seeds arose 70 mya seeds have ability to remain dormant until conditions are good to germinate. Have more advance vascular tissue and larger leaves |
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Vascular Seed Plants
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gymnosperms and angiosperms
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How are angiosperms different from other groups of plants?
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They have flowers and fruit
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___________ characterize the reproductive mode for ferns
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Spores
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The stages of development fromt he egg to plant:
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growth
morphogenesis cellular differentiation |
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__________is the process in which pollen grains are released from anthers
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Pollenation
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Double fertilization in plants refers to:
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two sperm entering the plant embryo sac and one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other forms into endosperm (food for the plant)
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Endosperm is the
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a sperm that doesn't fertilize the egg but becomes food for the embryo
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A bicyclist has a heart rate of 110 beats p/m and a stroke volume of 85 mL per beat. What is the cardiac output?
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9.35 L/min
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Function of the Circulatory System
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carry oxygenated blood and nutrients to all the cells of the body
return carbon dioxide waste to be expelled by the lungs |
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Atria
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chambers of the heart that recieve blood returning to the heart.
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Ventricles
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chambers of the heart that pump blood out
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Valves
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There are 2 antrioventricular and semiluar
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Atrioventricular Valve
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Btwn atrium and ventricle. Contracts to keep blood from coming back into the atria
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Semilunar Valves
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located where the aorta leaves the left ventricle. This contracts to let boold be pumped into arteries.
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Cardiac Output
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The volume of blood per minute that the left ventricle pumps.
It depends on the heart rate and stroke volume |
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Heart Rate
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The number of times the heart beats per minute.
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Stroke Volume
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The amount of blood being pumped by the left ventricle each time it contracts
Average is 5.25 L/min |
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sinoatrial node
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pacemaker of the heart
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atrioventricular node
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delays electrical impulse to ensure that the atria is empty before the ventricles contract
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Thoracic Cavity
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This holds the lungs
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diahram
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flattens to inhale and expands to exhale
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nephron
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funcitional unit of secreation which makes up the kidneys
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essential nutrients
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nutrients the body can't make
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Pancreas
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creates enzymes and bile to break down food.
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Peristalis
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wave like contractions in the stomach
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The small intestine
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absorbs nutrients via villi and micro villi and nuetralizes the acid chyme from the stomach
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What are proteins that are synthesized by transcription and translation?
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mRNA and tRNA
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mRNA
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carries information from DNA during transcription to ribosomes
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tRNA
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carries amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
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translation
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a process that determines the order of the amino acid sequence of a protein by following the pattern of the genetic code
mRNA sequences becomes a polypeptide |
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termination
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This is when the ribosome reaches a stop condon to end translation
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ribosomes
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the site of translation initiation
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elongation
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tRNAs carry the amino acids to the ribosome and place it in order according to the mRNA
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rRNA
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this is the structural and fuctional component of cellular ribosomes.
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Genes fuction in specifying the structure of which molecule?
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proteins
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A protein is 60 amino acids in length. This requires a coded DNA sequence that is:
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180 nucleotides.
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