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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Marriage |
legally recognized union between 2 people -united sexually -cooperate economically -may give birth to, adopt or rear children |
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Monogamy |
only legal form of marriage in U.S -only two people |
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Polygamy |
preferred marital agreement worldwide |
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Polygyny |
the practice of having 2 or more wives -practiced historically in many cultures |
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Polyandry |
practice of having 2 or more husbands -has been practiced but much less common |
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The Rights and Benefits of Marriage |
-right to enter premarital agreement -income tax deductions, credits, rates -to support from spouse -to inherit property -to divorce -award of child custody in divorce |
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Family |
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Household |
"one or more people- everyone living in a house unit makes up a household" - Census definition |
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4 Functions of the Family |
1. provides for a source of intimate relationships 2. acts as a formation of a cooperative economic unit 3. produces and socializes children 4. establishes social roles and status |
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Family of Orientation or Origin |
family which we grew up in ex. Jack lives with his mother Mary and sister Sam. This is Jack's family of origin |
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Family of Procreation |
family formed through marriage and childbearing ex. Jane married John and together had a child names Ben. This is Jane and John's family of procreation because it was created from marriage and childbearing |
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Family of Cohabitation |
family formed by living or cohabiting with another person ex. Katie lives with Johny in the same apartment making them a family of cohabitation because they live together |
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Extended Family |
-consists of the cohabiting couple, their kids, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, in-laws -may be formed through marriage or birth |
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Kinship System |
-kin can be affiliated as when a nonrelated person is considered as "kin" -a relative may fulfill a different kin role such as a grandmother taking the role of a child's mother |
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Concepts |
abstract ideas that we use to represent the concrete reality in which we are interested |
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Theories |
sets of general principles or concepts used to explain a phenomenon and to make predictions that may be tested and verified experimentally |
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Case Study |
-involves single person or small group -provides in depth understanding of behavior and situations that we may not always get a chance to see/analyze -not usually generalizable to larger population |
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Experiments |
-researchers control procedures -2 groups * experimental (receive variable being tested) * control ( doesn't get variable) -in family field experiments often used to examine clinical interventions and educational programs/workshops |
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Family Based Research |
in social sciences research looks different than other fields -objectivity concerns -ethics -who should report |
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Macro-Level Theories |
focus on the family as a social institution -symbolic interaction -social exchange theory -developmental theory -family systems theory |
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Micro-Level Theories |
emphasize what happens within families, looking at everyday behavior interaction between family members, patterns of communication - family ecology theory -structural functionalism - conflict theory -feminist theory |
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Family Ecology Theory |
-emphasizes how families are influenced by and influence the wider environment -the core concepts in ecological theory include environment and adaptation *think of the target model in middle: person second ring: religion, school, family third ring: socioeconomic, government fourth ring: beliefs Critiques: -not always clear which system best accounts for behavior we attempt to explain or how the different systems influence each other -may not apply to a range of diverse and/or nontraditional families |
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Structural Functionalism Theory |
3 aspects 1. what functions the family as an institution serves for society 2. what functional requirements family members perform for the family 3. what needs the family meets for its individual members -treats society as if it were a living organism (person, animal, or tree) -patterns of role arrangement - instrumental roles: male -task oriented - primary bread winner -protector -expressive roles: female -enhancing emotional relationships -nurturing/caregiving |
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Conflict Theory |
-holds that life involves discord and competition Source of Conflict in families: marriages and families are composed of individuals with diff. personalities, ideas, values, tastes, goals Source of Power (4): 1. legitimacy (entitled to a right) "I'm mom so.." 2. money (who makes/has most $) 3. physical coercion (most physically dominant) 4. love (manipulative) "if you love me you will.." |
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Feminist Perspectives |
-feminists critically examine the ways in which family experience is shaped by gender -argue that gender and family concepts created by society based on conflict approach -inequalities in male/female relationships focus is on plight of women -feminists have action orientation alongside analytical one as they strive to raise society's level of awareness regarding oppression of women |
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Symbolic Interaction Theory |
-how families interact with each other depends on how they define their roles, interpret or attach meaning to interactions, situations, roles |
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Social Exchange Theory |
-suggests we measure our actions and relationships in a cost-benefit basis seeking to maximize rewards and minimize costs -we want to engage in relationships where rewards are higher than costs -disengage from relationships where costs are higher than rewards -this assumes we are all rational and calculating weighing costs and rewards of our relationships |
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Family Developmental Theory |
-only directed at families -emphasizes patterned change that occur in families through stages across time -focus on change in family that commence in formation of premarital relationship, proceed through marriage through subsequent stages |
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Family Systems Theory |
-combines structural functionalism and symbolic interaction to form a more psychological theory -whole is more than sum of parts -family system is dynamic, consists of various individuals and their interconnected *family as a baby mobile (everyone is affected if the baby hits the mobile) |
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Race |
group of people who share the same phenotype (anatomical and physical) |
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Ethnic Group |
set or people distinct from others because of cultural characteristics (language, religion) |
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Minority Group |
group at an economic, social, political disadvantage |
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Sex |
biological traits that distinguish males and females -male, female |
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Gender |
refers to social traits that distinguish males, females and other genders -woman, man |
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Sex Role |
masculine, feminine |
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Sexual Orientation |
heterosexual, homosexual |
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Gender Identity |
cisgender, transgender |
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Gender Binary |
dichotomous understanding of gender |
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Gender Spectrum |
understanding gender as a range of identities and ways of expressing self |
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Gender Identity |
psychological sense of whether one is male or female |
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Gender Ideology |
what individuals believe they ought to do as husbands and wives |
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Gender Polarization |
cultural belief in the genders are truly opposite |
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Gender Socialization |
process by which we come to learn what behaviors, demeanor, and temperament is expected of us by virtue of our gender |
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Gender Role |
expectations attached to being male or female that guide one's behaviors women are more sensitive, men are more aggressive |
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Gendered Role |
culturally assigned role that a person is expected to perform based on male or female gender wives stay home and take care of kids, husbands bring home the money |
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Schema |
mental representation or set of symbols we hold about something |
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Instrumental Schema |
traits associated with masculinity acting as leader, aggression, assertiveness, competitiveness, dominance, independence, task driven |
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Expressive Schema |
traits associated with femininity affection, compassion, gentle, loyal, understanding, sensitive, sympathetic |
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Androgyny |
neutral gender value |
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Behavioral Androgyny |
involves the blending of masculine and feminine traits at the same time |
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Gender Contentedness |
degree of contentedness with biological gender assignment |
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Gender Conformity |
pressure people feel from their environment to conform |
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Intergroup Bias |
degree to which people believe their sex is superior to another sex |
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Membership Knowledge |
understanding that their gender belongs to one group or another |
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Gender Typicality |
degree to which people feel their gender experiences are typical |
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Transgender |
refers to those who feel that their assigned gender identity is false or incomplete Jazz thinks she is a girl although she was born a boy |
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Transvestite |
dressing in opposite gender clothing |
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Intersex |
biologically based because of body differences |
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Social Learning Theory |
observing others interact is how learning process occurs |
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Cognitive Development Theory |
children's understanding of gender based on cognitive development stage child must understand these concepts: gender identity, gender stability, gender constancy |
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Primary Agents of Gender Socialization |
family, school, workplace, peers, friends, parenthood, media, religion, culture |
