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169 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which two regions in France are famous for champage, where are they located, and which is further north?
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Champagne
Bourgogne (Burgundy) Northeast France, with Champagne as the most northern region |
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Subregions in Burgundy?
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Chablis
Cote d'Or (Cote de Nuits, Cote de Beaune) Beaujolais |
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What characteristic geographical feature is in Champagne?
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limestone-chalky soil with a low pH (good for sparkling wines)
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What climate-related reason causes wines from Champagne to be acidic, with low sugar and alcohol levels?
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Have to harvest grapes early due to rain
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Who invented champagne, and when?
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Dom Pierre, a Benedictine monk
1668-1715 |
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Who invented riddling (remuage)? What is riddling?
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Mme. Barbe Clicquot
Separation of yeast from sparkling wine (use of racks to collect yeast in bottleneck) |
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Who invented the Brut style? What is the Brut style?
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mme. Louise Pommery
Very dry style of champagne |
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Who marketed "premium" champagne?
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Mme. Camille Roederer
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What did the Versailles treaty in 1919 and the US-EU treaty in 2005 do?
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Versailles- protected the word Champagne so that Germany couldn't use it
US-EU: also protected the word Champagne from use outside of the French region of the name, though older wines already using the word were 'grandfathered' in |
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What company is the largest seller of sparkling wines in the US?
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Corbel
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In millions of dollars, how much does:
US export to Europe? Europe export to US? France export to US? |
$487 million
$2,300 million $974 million |
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T/F, champagnes have to age for a long time.
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true.
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What are "non-vintage" champagnes?
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mixtures
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How did champagne sabering start? What precautions should be taken (and why)?
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Napoleon's soldiers did it for convenience when riding horses.
Keep the bottle cold to reduce the pressure when opening it; Pressure inside is 90psi = 6atm |
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3 main varieties grown in Champagne to make champagne?
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Chardonnary (28%)
Pinot Meunier (34%) Pinot Noir (38%) |
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What is a "Maison?" What are the "Grandes Marques?"
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"House"
"Great Brands" |
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3 Methods of champagne making?
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Methode Champenoise
Methode Traditionnelle Methode Classique |
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Describe the Methode Champenoise.
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-Start with base wine.
-Blend, add yeast & sugar -2nd fermentation (in bottle) -Riddling -Disgorging -Dosage -Cork/wire Cage |
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What are "Blanc de Blancs" and "Blanc de Noirs?" Give the flavor and an example of each.
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Blanc de Blanc
-White wine from white grapes -Citrusy flavor -example: Chardonnay Blanc de Noir/Meunier -White wine from black grapes (actually a rose) -cherry flavor -example: Pinot Noir/Meunier |
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What does "Prise de mousse" refer to?
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yeast used for 2nd fermentation (in the bottle)
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What are "remuage," "degorgement," "dosage," and "bouchage/museletage?"
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Remuage- riddling (removing yeast settled on side of bottle)
Degorgement- disgorging (freeze bottleneck to shoot out pellet of ice + yeast) Dosage- refilling bottle to top & adding sugar if desired Bouchage/museletage- adding cork + wire cage |
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When extra sugar is added during the dosage step, why doesn't a 3rd fermentation take place?
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B/c the yeast has been removed (by riddling & disgorging)
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Scale used to describe champagne dryness? Hint: based on amount of residual sugar
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Extra brut: <6 g/L
Brut: <15 g/L Extra dry: 12-20 Sec: 17-35 Demi-sec: 33-50 Doux: 50+ |
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Describe the other methods to make sparkling wine:
Charmat process Transfer method Methode ancestrale Artificial carbonation |
Charmat process: tank/tank fermentation & pressurized bottling
Transfer method: tank/bottle/tank Methode ancestrale: bottle, no disgorging Artificial carbonation: tank + CO2 |
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Cremant de Bourgogne, Mousseux de Savois, Blanquette methode ancestrale, and Petillant de Bugey are all ?
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Other "Vins Effervescents"
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What is the geography of Chablis like? What are the wines like?
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Rolling hills, good for drainage, limestone soil
Wines are mineraly. |
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What are the names of the two groups of high quality wines in Chablis?
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Grand Cru
Premier Cru |
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Typical aromas of Chardonnay?
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lime
green apple white peach flint |
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What is unique about labels of Chablis wines?
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ID vineyards of estate separately b/c each has a different microclimate (can assume it's a chardonnay)
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Burgundy makes _% red and _% white wines.
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Red: 40%
White: 60% |
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What are Negociants?
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companies that buy up wine from small producers and sells under own name
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the Grand Cru wines of Burgundy tend to be located?
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on slopes
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Typical aromas of Pinot Noir?
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cranberries
cherries wild mushrooms potpourri black tea |
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What is the "Hospices de Beaune?"
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A winery & auction
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What is Romanee Conti?
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the winery that makes the MOST expensive wines in Burgundy!
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For wine to be drinkable for decades, what attribute must the grapes have initially?
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Must be strong to start with
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What is the variety of grape that Beaujolais is known for?
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Gamay Noir a Jus Blanc
(or just "Gamay") |
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What is Beaujolais' main export wine?
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Beaujolais Nouveau
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Describe carbonic maceration in excruciating detail.
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-use whole clusters of intact, undestemmed berries
-add CO2 (anaerobic atm.) at 85-95 degrees F --- can also use N2 or Ar -Maceration/partial fermentation by grapes' own enzymes -Press grapes after 8-10 days and add yeast -Complete alcoholic fermentation at 60-70 degrees F -enjoy a light red, fruity wine! |
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What is the advantage of carbonic maceration?
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Red wine can be made without aging it very long. Don't need to buy oak barrels.
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Characteristics of wine that is produced with carbonic maceration.
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-fruity, w/ distinct aroma
-loss of varietal character -reduced acidity, more alcohol (+2%) -low in tannins, no oak (fast sale) -little aging potential (according to some) |
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What is Beaujolais Nouveau?
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A red wine made from Gamay grapes produced in Beaujolais; the most popular vin de primeur, fermented for just a few weeks then officially released for sale on the third Thursday of November (from Wikipedia)
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Where is Bordeaux? Geographical features (water, soil, and climate)?
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Southwest France
Seaport (60 Mi. from Atlantic) Garonne River Well-drained gravel soil Mild climate |
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What is the largest fine wine-making region in the world? What is it known for?
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Bordeaux
Blended red wines |
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Name the five major districts of Bordeaux.
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Medoc
Pomerol St. Emilion Graves Sauternes |
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Problems due to climate in Bordeaux?
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Rains during harvest time; may not be able to ripen varieties fully (use early-ripening varieties)
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Characteristic of Bordeaux wines?
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heavily extracted
lots of tannins (don't remove skins & seeds right away) age for a long time |
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What region is known for its Chateaux?
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Bordeaux
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What is a chateau in wine nomenclature?
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a vineyard w/ winemaking & storage facilities on the property
(some have modest houses, and some have none) |
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What typifies Burgundy? Bordeaux?
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Burgundy: small vineyards divided into parcels among separate owners
Bordeaux: vineyard estates (chateaux) belonging to single owners |
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Rank the classifications for Burgundy & Bordeaux according to price, from most expensive to least expensive.
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Burgundy:
Grand Cru Premier Cru Village District Region Bordeaux: Grand Cru Cru bourgeois Village District Region |
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T/F, Bordeaux is not classified in a single official ranking.
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True!
Medoc, Sauternes, Barsac, Graves, and Saint-Emilion districts have their own internal classification systems. |
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The classification of 1855 further classified Grand Cru estates into ?
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First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Growth
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Name the First Growth estates of the grand cru.
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Chateau Margaux
Chateau Latour Chateau Lafite-Rothschild Chateau Mouton-Rothschild Chateau d'Yquem Chateau Haut-Brion Chateau Petrus (not original) |
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Single most important district in Bordeaux?
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Medoc
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Red wine varieties permitted for AOC Medoc? White wine varieties?
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Red:
Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Cabernet Franc (cold hardy) etc. Wite: only permitted an AOC Bordeaux label |
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Graves is characterized by?
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gravelly soil that gives 'earthy' aroma to wine
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What is Sauternes famous for?
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micro-climate -- intense morning mist and mid-day sun (good for growing mold)
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How are Sauternes grapes harvested?
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over-ripened, with noble rot & very high sugar content (35-40 Brix compared to 22-25 normal)
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What is the only white wine first growth chateau, and where is it located?
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Chateau d'Yquem
located in Sauternes |
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Dominant varieties grown in St. Emilion?
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Merlot and Cabernet Franc
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region in Bordeaux that produces finest red wines, despite never having been classified
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Pomerol
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Dominant wine in Pomerol?
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Merlot
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The AOC in the Vallee de la Loire are limited to? Why is this good?
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Limited to "village"
Good b/c it levels the playing field |
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Name the 5 major districts in the Vallee de la Loire; what is their major product (red v. white)?
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Nantais
Anjou Touraine Chinon Sancerre White wines |
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What does "sur lie" mean?
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wine has been left on its lees (yeast settled to bottom of tank) in the tank/barrel
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What is considered the Loire's best district? What is most widely cultivated there?
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Sancerre-Pouilly
Sauvignon Blanc (bouquet called "Fume") |
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What climatic phenomenon is responsible for the Rhone Valley's unexpectedly cool weather?
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the cold "Mistral" wind blowing southerly down from the Alps
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Primary Red Grape varieties grown in the Vallee du Rhone
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Syrah (main)
Mourvedre (Mataro) Grenache (the "workhorse") Carignane and Cinsault |
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Primary White Grape varieties grown in the Vallee du Rhone
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Viognier
Marsanne Roussanne |
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The Vallee du Rhone is divided into two sub-regions. What are they, what are their AOCs, and which is superior?
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North = superior
AOCs: Cote Rotie, Condrieu, Crozes-Hermitage, Hermitage South AOCs: Chateauneuf-du-Pape |
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Soils in lower Rhone region have what characteristic?
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"moon-like" rocky plain
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What region in Germany produces wine (unlike the rest of the country, which produces beer)?
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Southwestern Germany
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Difficulties with growing grapes in Germany? Benefits?
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Cool-climate --> hard to ripen grapes
Advantages: rivers to moderate temperature, steep hillside slopes, slate-covered vineyards for nighttime release of heat |
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T/F, overproduction of wine is a problem in Germany, but Europe overall drinks more than it produces.
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FALSE!!!! That's craziness.
Truth: Over-production is a problem in Europe, but Germany drinks more than it produces. |
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Which 3 countries import the most wine each year?
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1. Germany
2. UK 3. US |
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Does Germany grow more white or red wine?
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WHITE -- mostly Riesling
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Riesling aroma?
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citrusy, mineraly
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Germany's most popular red variety?
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Pinot Noir (in German: Spatburgunder)
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Levels of sweetness classifications
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Dry ("Trocken") <9g/L sugar
Semi-dry ("Halbtrocken") <18g/L Off-dry = sweet |
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T/F, German wine labels tend to have way too much information!
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true
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What is "Erstes Gewachs?"
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the new German "Premier Cru"
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What are Beeren-Auslese, Trocken-Beeren-Auslese, and Eiswein?
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dessert wines
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What does the Botrytis cinerea fungus do?
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perforates the cell walls to dehydrate grapes
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What is Germany's most prestigious wine region?
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Rheingau
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Germany's quality classification is based on?
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ripeness
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Characteristics of German wines?
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crisp (high acidity), fruity, floral
usu. low in alcohol (~10%) oak aging is uncommon |
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T/F, Germans are sexy.
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true!!!
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What is the US definition of a "table wine?"
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wine with <14% alcohol
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Italian Classifications from best to 'worst'
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DOCG
DOC IGT (80% of production) Vino da Tavola |
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What does "Vino da Tavola" mean?
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-European "table wine"
-no varietal name or vintage date |
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Most famous wines of Italy (top 5)
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Brunello di Montalcino
Chianti Classico Vino Nobile di Montepulciano Barbaresco Barolo |
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What are included in the 'non-classifications?'
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Super Tuscans & Piedmonts
-non-trad blends, usu. produced with non-native varieties |
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What does "Riserva" mean (by law)?
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wine has been aged at least 2 years in a barrel, only the "best" grapes have been selected, and a minimum alcohol content was achieved during fermentation
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The most famous red wines and best sparkling wines from Italy come from which region?
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Piedmont
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What is Asti Spumante (subregion of Piedmont) known for?
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sparkling wine
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what are the famous wines of Tuscany?
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Chianti Classico
Vino Nobile di Montepulciano Brunello di Montalcino |
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What's special about a passito?
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concentrated sugars, acids, aromas
dehydrated berries by temp. & humidity-controlled drying |
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What is grappa?
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brandy, made by distillation
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Wine growing regions in Spain? Portugal?
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Spain:
Rias Baixas Ribera del Duero Rioja Priorat La Mancha Jerez-Xeres-Sherry Portugal: Duero-Porto Madeira |
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Why doesn't Spain get high yield from vineyards?
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b/c of irrigation regulations
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Aging requirements for Spanish wine?
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Gran Reserva - 5 years
Reserva - 3 years Crianza - 2 years |
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What country are the following classifications for?
DOCa, DO, VCPRD, VdIT & VdM DOC, IPR, VR, VdM |
Spain
Portugal |
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Describe the following 'unique DOC wines:'
Cava Sherry Madeira Port Vinho Verde |
Cava: metodo tradicional sparkling wine
Sherry: fortified/oxidized wine from Jerez Madeira: fortified/oxidized wine from Madeira Port: fortified/oxidized wine from Oporto Vinho Verde: effervescent wine from Entre-Douro-e-Minho |
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What is a bodega in terms of Spanish wine labels?
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the name of the vineyard where the grapes were grown
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What is the famous white variety of Rias Baixas?
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Albarino
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What is the famous red variety of Rioja and Ribera del Duero?
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Tempranillo
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In which DOCa are the best wines in Spain produced?
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Rioja
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Most common red & white grape varieties in Spain? Best varieties?
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White:
Most: Airen, Viura, Palomino Best: Albarino, Verdelo, Godello, Pedro Ximenez Red: Most: Garnacha, Bobal, Monastrell, Carinena Best: Tempranillo, Garnacha, Carinena, CS/Merlot, Syrah |
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Name the world's larges AO (DO).
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La Mancha (known for inexpensive wines)
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What is the purpose of biological aging with FLOR yeast?
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b/c the FLOR yeast lives on the surface of the wine, it keeps the wine from oxidizing
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Categories of sherry?
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Fino
Amontillado Oloroso Medium or Cream |
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Why does sherry have 18% alcohol?
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b/c organisms can't live in it
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What is the SOLERA principle?
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used for blending sherry; stacked barrels with wine transferred to lower barrels periodically
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Major Port Wine Varieties in Portugal?
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Touriga Nacional
Tinto Cao Tinta Barroca Tinta Roriz Touriga Francesca |
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Describe the production of port in Portugal.
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-harvest red varietals
-crush in lagares (by foot) -allow to ferment about half-way -drain fermenting juice into brandy -port wine sweet + fortified -barrel/ bottle age |
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describe the following port nomenclature terms:
vintage LBV crusted tawny ruby white |
vintage: designated year, 2 yr. in barrel, long time in bottle
LBV: 4-6 yr. in barrel Crusted: less than 2 yr. in barrel, bottle unfiltered Tawny: 3+ yr. in barrels Ruby: sweet, fruity, 0-3 yr. in barrel White: white grapes, often dry, ~15% |
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percent alcohol in brandy?
percent sugar in must? percent alcohol & residual sugar in port wine? |
90%
24% 19%, 10% |
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Characteristics of Madeira production?
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-acidic base wine
-fortified w/ brandy to 16-20% -baked in 'estufa' -sweetness adjusted w/ vinho surdo -bottle aged for 100+ years |
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What do malmsey, boal, verdelho, and sercial describe? Rich, sweet, medium, dry?
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varietal nomenclature for Madeira
nomenclature for wines <85% varietal |
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When is the wine harvest in South America? (Hint: remember it's in southern hemisphere)
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February - April
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How much older are wines in southern hemisphere than wines in northern hemisphere of the same vintage?
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~6 months
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What advantage does Chile have, due to its isolated location & use of furrow irrigation, that helps reduce costs?
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don't need to use a lot of pesticides
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What is the Humboldt current and which country benefits from it?
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frigid stream of water from Antarctica that brings cold air and cloudy, foggy weather to the coastal regions and into river valleys; creates fairly constant, moderate temperatures
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T/F, Chile has a wide variety of micro-climates.
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False. Because it is so narrow, many regions in Chile have similar climatic conditions.
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T/F, growing grapes in Chile is difficult compared with other regions in the world.
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False. It's relatively easy to grow grapes in Chile.
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T/F, Chile relies on exporting its wine.
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True.
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What is the most famous wine growing area of the Central Valley of Chile?
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Maipo Valley
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Aconcagua, Casablanca, Maipo, Rapel, Curico, Maule, and Itata are regions in which country?
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Chile
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La Salta, Cafayate, La Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, San Rafael, and Neuquen are regions in which country?
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Argentina
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What are Colchagua and Cachapoal?
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export-relevant sub-appellations of the Rapel Valley in Chile
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Does Chile make mostly red or white wines?
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red
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What is Chile's special red variety?
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Carmenere
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Name the major red and white varieties of Chile.
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Red: Cab Sauvignon, Pais (Mission), Merlot, Carmenere, Syrah
White: Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscat of Alexandria, Semillon |
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Major wine region of Argentina?
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Mendoza
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What is Argentina's climate like?
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cool, little rain but plenty of irrigation water, dry weather = no mildew, intensive sun exposure due to altitude
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Argentina's finest red wine variety?
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Malbec
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Name Argentina's most common red & white varieties.
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Red (90%): cereza italiana, criolla/pais/mission, malbec, bonarda, cabernet sauvignon
white: torrontes, chardonnay, chenin blanc, semillon, sauvignon blanc |
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What is Constantia?
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a model farm established in South Africa; also the name of a sweet wine that was very popular in Europe
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What is Stellenbosch?
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region in South Africa
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Does South Africa have a good climate for grape-growing?
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Yes; the climate is almost perfect, with dry summers and mild winters; also located bet. two oceans, keeping it cool
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What type of architecture can be found in South Africa due to its settlers in the 1600s?
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Dutch
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Major regions in South Africa?
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-Coastal region
-Breede Rivery Valley -Boberg -Olifants River -Little Karoo |
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South Africa's unique red variety?
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Pinotage
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Majore Red & White varieties of South Africa?
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Red: CS, Syrah, Pinotage, Merlot, Cinsault
White: Chenin Blanc, Colombard, SB, Chardonnay, Muscat of Alexandria |
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Chenin blanc is used to make?
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brandy
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What climatic problems does Australia face?
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salinity, heat, drought
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T/F, Australia exports a lot of wine.
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True.
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Why is there so much research focused on viticulture in Australia?
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-the universities are supported by a tax on grapes
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finest region in AUS?
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Barossa Valley
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Most grapes grown in AUS are grown in the ?.
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south
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Finest wine regions in AUS?
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Adelaide Hills
Barossa Valley Clare Valley Coonwarra Margaret River McLaren Vale Mornington Peninsula Padthaway Rutherglen Yarra Valley |
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What is used to keep birds from eating grapes in AUS?
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netting
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Why do visitors have to wear shoe covers in AUS vineyards?
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keep phylloxera out!
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What type of trees in AUS add a special character to the wines?
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Eucalyptus
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Characteristic soil of Coonawarra in AUS?
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terra rossa (red soil) on top of layer of limestone
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Australians were the first to use _____, which were long banned in Europe, to add flavor to wine.
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wood chips
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Where was the 'bag-in-a-box' idea, which keeps wine fresh, developed?
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@ Purdue!!!!
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Australia's most popular red variety?
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Syrah
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Top varieties in AUS? (red & white)
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red: syrah, CS, merlot, pinot noir
white: chardonnary, semillon, riesling, SB |
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What is Rotundone?
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an aroma compound in Syrah (AKA Shiraz)
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Australia's most pop. white variety?
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Chardonnay
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Does AUS grow mostly whites or reds?
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Reds (69%)
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Why is AUS so mechanized?
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lack of migrant workers
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Marlborough, Hawke's Bay, Gisborne, Canterbury, Auckland, Otago, and Wellington are assoc. with which country?
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New Zealand!!!!
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Does NZ grow mostly white or reds?
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WHITE (80%)
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Top varieties in NZ?
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Red: pinot noir, merlot, CS
White: SB, Chardonnay, Riesling |
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NZ's best known grape variety? Most popular red?
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SB
Pinot noir |
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NZ doesn't make all that much wine, so why is it so popular?
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Beautiful scenery attracts wine writers.
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