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212 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Wine is the juice of _____, fermented by ______ and finished into an alcoholic beverage
grapes
yeast
T/F, wines made from fruits other than grapes must be specifically labelled as such.
true
what is viniculture?
the cultivation or culture of grapes
what is enology?
the science that deals with wine and wine-making
What wine-growing regions are located at the latitudes of 42 degrees?
42 degrees - Southern France, Northern Spain, Northern Indiana, Northern California

(in other words, good regions)
name the genus of grapes; describe its meaning
Vitis
a deciduous, woody plant which climbs and supports itself by virtue of tendrils
Name the subgenii of grapes and give its meaning
euvitis - true grapes; clusters of fruit

muscadinia - clusters of 2-5 berries; different number of chromosomes
name the species under euvitis
vinifera
labrusca
aestavalis
what is 'the European grape?'
Vitis vinifera
13 most cultivated varieties of vitis vinifera? (haha, good luck with this one...)
Cabernet Sauvignon
Chardonnay
Gewurtztraminer
Merlot
Nebbiolo
Pinot Gris
Pinot Noir
Riesling
Sangiovese
Saugvignon Blanc
Semillon
Syrah
Zinfandel
Germany's most famous grape variety?
Riesling
Aroma of a Riesling?
basically, lots of citrusy fruits, plus mineral and kerosene
Australia's most popular red variety?
Syrah
Aroma of Syrah (AKA Shiraz)?
peppery, spicy, minty, chocolaty, blackberry, ripe-fruited, leathery
Native American grapes?
Vitis labrusca
Vitis aestavalis
where is labrusca found? what is its flavor? what are the major varieties?
midwest & east
heavy fruity "grape" flavor (Welch's grape juice)

Varieties: niagara, catawba, concord
What are vitis aestavalis used for?
-make the best native American grape for dry red wine
-major variety: Norton
French-American hybrids are man-made crosses between ? species, and are cultivated mostly in ?
Vitis
cental & eastern US
Examples of French-American hybrids
Chambourcin
Marechal Foch
Traminette
Chardonel
Vignoles
Seyval Blanc
Give the genetic parentage of the following:

1. Cabernet Sauvignon
2. Chardonnay
3. Syrah
4. Petite Sirah
5. French Colombard
6. Gamay
1. Sauvignon Blanc * Cabernet Franc
2. Pinot * Gouais
3. Dureza * Mondeuse Blanche
4. Peloursin * Syrah
5. Gouais * Chenin
6. Pinot * Gouais
Composition of Grapes v. Wine
1. Water
2. Sugar
3. Alcohol
4. Acids
5. Minerals
6. Phenolics
7. Volatile Aromas
Grapes Wine
1.Water 75 86
2.Sugar 22 0.2
3.Alcohol 0 12
4.Acids 0.8 0.6
5.Minerals 0.5 0.2
6.Phenolics 0.8 0.2
7.Volatile Aromas 0 0.04
Give genus & species of wine yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
What type of wine uses:

Whole cluster pressing & sur lie aging?

Must fermentation & carbonic maceration?

champagne method & charmat process?

late harvest & ice wine?

port & sherry?
white wine
red wine
sparkling wine
dessert wine
fortified wine
In what country is each of the following classification organizations?

AOC (appellation d'origine controlee)
QbA (qualitatswein bestimmter anbaugebiete)
DOC (denominazione di origine contrallata)
DOC (denomiacao de origem controlada)
DOCa (denominacion de origen calificada)
AVA (american viticultural area)
France
Germany
Italy
Portugal
Spain
USA
What is the AVA?
American Viticultural Area (classifies/names wines)
Varietal Wine v. Appellation

Example?
Benefit?
Problem
Varietal:
Example- Chardonnay
Benefit- Reputation for new region
Problem- anybody can make it anywhere

Appellation:
Example: Napa Valley
Benefit: Distinction among 1000s of wineries
Problem: Customers can't distinguish
# of Wineries in US
What percent of wine do the top 5 wineries produce?
5,970
Top 5 = 72%
Top five wineries in US & number (in millions) of cases sold
1. E&J Gallo 62 (22%)
2. Constellation 57 (21%)
3. Wine Group 42 (15%)
4. Bronco 22 (8%)
5. Foster's 16 (6%)
Total number (in millions) of cases of wine sold in the US (in 2006)?
276 million cases
Approximately how much wine is consumed per capita in the US each year?
2 - 2.5 gallons per person
In the US, the increase in wine per capita over the last 30 years has been ?
<1%
The DOW has increased _% over the last 8 years, while the value of the dollar v. euro has decreased _%.
8%
-35%
Of the top five wine drinking counties (per capita), which have increased wine consumption over the past 30 years, and which have decreased?
1. France - decreased
2. Italy - decreased
3. U.S.A. - INCREASED (+3.6%)
4. Germany - decreased
5. Spain - decreased
Top countries w/ most grape acreage?

(includes table grapes & raisins)
1. Spain
2. France
3. Italy
4. Turkey
5. China
Top 5 wine-producing countries?
1. France
2. Italy
3. Spain
4. USA
5. Argentina
Has wine production been decreasing faster in Europe or on the world overall?
Europe (-36% compared to -19% for world overall)
About how many gallons of wine are made in Europe? In the world?
Europe - 5000e6
World - 7000e6
In terms of percentages, which countries are most rapidly increasing their production of wine?
Australia (+261%)
New Zealand (+72%)
USA (+46%)
Wine quality depends on what factors?
Grapes - 70%
Equipment - 10%
Barrels - 10%
Winemaker - 5%
Provenance - 5%
wine was used by the romans to prevent?
dysentery
wine can help avoid food poisoning by (4 bacteria)?
-E.coli O157:H7
Salmonella enteritidis
Listeria monocytogenes
Campylobacter jejuni
What is the French Paradox?
french eat lots of cream, eggs, cheese, and other foods w/ low-density "bad" cholesterol yet have a rate of heart disease that is 1/3 of the US rate
Compare life expectancies in France, USA, and Saudi Arabia vs. wine consumption in ea.
France - 79 (wine- 15.1 gallons per capita)
USA - 77 (2.3 gallons per capita)
Saudi Arabia - 72 ("0")
What is the explanation of the French paradox? Give details about how wine works.

Hint: Key word = phenolics
Oxidized “bad” LDL cholesterol builds-up on walls of arteries, leading to heart attack, stroke

Wine phenolics from grape skins & seeds are anti-oxidants which may block oxidation IF they make it into the blood stream

Alcohol uptake can increase “good” HDL cholesterol, protecting against plaque build-up
Limitations of the benefits of phenolics?
Works only on a daily wine ration basis
Binge drinking of wine is ineffective
After the 60 Minutes segment on the French Paradox, by what percent did wine consumption increase in the US?
44%
what does the mediterranean diet pyramid include?
wine in moderation daily
1 glass of dry wine has ? calories?
105
how many carbs are in one glass of dry wine?
0

(alcohol not considered a carb)
how many ounces are in one serving?
5 oz.
upside of wine consumption
protection against heart disease, high blood pressure
reduced platelet aggregation
improved vascular dilation/tone
certain cancers, (prostate, colon, lung)
diabetes (NIIDM)
glaucoma/cataract/macular degeneration
downsides of wine
alcoholism & abuse
accidents
crime
medical treatments
lost productivity
uncollected taxes
unpaid health/ SS contributions
preventative measures
cancers caused by excessive drinking of alcohol
-mouth
-larynx
-esophagus
-liver
-colon
-breast
-pancreas
-lung
top two smoking states in US
Kentucky
Indiana

(these states also rank 1 & 7 for most cancer deaths, respectively)
Alcohol causes more deaths in ___ (men/women) and prevents more deaths in __ (men/women), leading to an overall greater number of prevented deaths by alcohol than caused by it (but the numbers are close).
men
women
How many people are alcohol consumers? Binge drinkers? Alcoholics?
1:2
1:5
1:17
what types of alcohol are consumed the most (percentages)?
beer - 87%
wine - 8%
spirits - 5%
___% of the population consumes ___% of wine.
11
88
What is the Blood Alcohol Concentration legal limit?
0.08%
How to determine a serving of wine?
body weight/100 = # of glasses (5 oz.)
750mL bottle of wine = ___oz.
25 (therefore, 5 servings)
Odds of dying from heart disease?
1:3
% of students who believe performance is affected by alcohol/drug use.

% of students reporting missing class b/c of drinking.
95
33
Who regulates wine?
Dept. of Treasury
Tax & Trade Bureau (TTB)

NOT the Dept. of HHS or the FDA
Wine excise tax (<14% EtOH)
$0.21 per bottle
Alcohol Excise Tax Revenues (2003)
4.4 Billion
T/F, illegal profits are taxable.
True (in 1927, Capone was indicted for income tax evasion)
What happened on Dec. 5th, 1933?
21st Amendment
Repeal of Prohibition
Wine warning label, required by law on every bottle, states what?
"According to the Surgeon General, pregnant women shouldn't drink due to risk of birth defects."

"Consuming alcohol impairs ability to drive a car or operate machinery and may cause health problems"

"Consumes Sulfites"
New rule proposed by the TTB for wine bottle labeling?
“Alcohol Facts” and “Serving Facts” panel on wine labels, which would include a statement of calories, carbohydrates, fat, and protein
Rules for labeling "100% Organic" wine
“100% Organic Wine” cannot include any non-organic substances. No added sulfites.
Rules for "Organic" wine
“Organic Wine” can include up to 5% non-organic agricultural ingredients that are not commercially available in organic form and other substances, including yeast, allowed by 7 CFR 205.605. No added sulfites.
Rules for "Wine made with Organic Ingredients"
“Wine made with Organic Ingredients” can include up to 30 % non-organic ingredients.
Up to 100 mg/L sulfur dioxide.
labels of organic wines must include what?
"certified by" statement

(typically certified by a USDA agency)
T/F, Some in France say articles about wine must have an accompanying warning, as on a label.
true
Controversy over pregnant women drinking started in ____, when it was shown that heavy drinking could cause ?.

However, this ignores the fact that...
1973
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.

FAS is extremely rare, occurring only 3 times in 100,000 births, and then only when the mother drinks abusively throughout her pregnancy.
What are sulfites (chem. formula), and what do they do?
SO2 -- sulfur dioxide

1. microbial stability
2. inhibition of browning enzymes
3. binding of acetaldehyde
4. antioxidant activity
Problems w/ sulfites?
-5% of asthmatics have severe adverse reaction
-affects 1 in 600 people
-does not cause headaches
The average wine contains ? sulfites; the legal limit is ?
average- 74 mg/L
limit- 350 mg/L
how to avoid a wine headache?
drink one glass of water with every glass of wine
describe the following parts of the wine tasting protocol:

look
swirl
smell
taste
huff
spit
look- color hue/intensity, clarity, effervescence
swirl- release volatile aromas
smell- aroma and off odors
taste- astringency, acidity, sweetness, bitterness
huff- breath out through nose (retronasal smell)
spit- to reduce alcohol consumption
parts of sensory evaluation
-aroma (by nose)
-taste (by mouth)
-retronasal smell (by nose via mouth)
examples of indiscrete terminology, which does not accurately describe wine attributes
-elegant
-fleshy
-racy
-feminine
-muscular
-round
-presumptuous
-dumb
characteristics of a wine snob
-narrow-minded
-lacks curiosity
-limited experience
-ego driven
-strong opinions
What is a sommelier?
Wine steward responsible for ordering, storing, and serving wine

(only ~160 in Indiana... I think)
examples of discrete terminology (AKA "descriptive analysis), used by winemakers, scientists, and judges
-raspberry, fresh cut grass, walnuts, chocolate, licorice
name the 3 sensory evaluation modes
-visual
-olfactory
-gustatory
Difference between color, hue, and intensity?
Color - Two values for evaluation
Hue - what the color is
Intensity - how strong the color is
Red Wine Hues?
Tawny Brown
Brownish Red
Cardinal Red
Purplish Red
Pink Blush
White Wine Hues?
Amber
Gold
Greenish Yellow
Pale Yellow
Water White
Red Wine Intensities?
Very Intense Red
Dense (sp?) Red
Medium Intense Red
Light Red
Pale Pink
Pale lemon color ages to tawny amber color through process of ?
Oxidation
Wine clarity descriptors?
Brilliant - Clear - Hazy - Cloudy
Effervescence characteristics - when is it desirable?
- Sparkling Wine – desirable
- Still Wine – undesirable (usually)
What is needed for a visual wine evaluation?
Clean stemware
Simple, thin glass
Good light source
Daylight or fluorescent best
White background
Develop your method
The olfactory mode of evaluation consists of using the nose to evaluate ?
Aroma component identity & intensity
The gustatory mode involves wine evaluation by mouth to determine ?
Taste & mouth feel, flavors experienced on the tongue
2 meanings of "palate?"
Roof of the mouth consisting of the hard palate and the soft palate.

The sense of taste (as in: Wines pleasing to the most refined palate.)
def. of primary tastes
Unique and specific chemical reactions occurring on taste buds of the tongue, not associated with aroma
the 5 primary tastes, plus terms used to describe them
1. sweetness - Sugar remaining in wine
-Dry, off-dry or semi-dry, sweet
2. Acidity - Tartness from grape acids
-Flabby, balanced, crisp, tart
3. Bitterness - Aspirin-like sensation (from seeds)
-Delicate to bitter
4. Salty – Rare but possible wine descriptor
5. Umami - “Fifth taste”, possible wine descriptor
- Savory, meaty, mouth-filling sensation
- Chemically MSG
- Most noticeable in high protein foods, e.g. soy
3 characteristics of 'body feel,' and what causes them
Body aka “fatness”
-Affected by mannoproteins, alcohol, sugar, tannins, possibly viscosity

-Astringency : Puckery feeling -drying sensation throughout mouth and on teeth from grape tannins

Temperature:
Affects volatility of aroma components and perception of body, astringency and “hotness” due to alcohol
how is 'after taste' defined?
Flavor remaining on tongue after the wine has been swallowed
The length of time it is perceived
Ideal Serving temperature
Too Cold – below 45ºF (unless sparkling)
Slow evaporation of aroma compounds, weak sensation, wine appears “closed”

- Too Hot - above 75ºF
Flavor constituents and alcohol evaporate profusely, burning nasal passages
ways of judging wine
Hedonic Scales – pleasure vs. pain
Cardinal Scales – numerical score 20/100
Descriptive Analysis – discrete language (e.g. wine aroma wheel)

(first two are NOT scientific)
>90% of the world’s wine, table, and raisin grapes are what species???
vitis vinifera
T/F, American species are resistant to phylloxera and mildew.
True!!! This is the reason for hybrids & rootstocks.
What does phylloxera cause?
Nodosities, tuberosities, and death
Indiana is # ___ in wine production in the US.
22
What is terroir?
“terroir”… wines from a particular region have a special character that cannot be duplicated
Roots extend at least __ meters down into the soil and prefer it to be ?
2
deep, well-drained, low to moderately fertile soils
Preferred latitudes for growing grapes
30-50˚N, 30-40˚S latitude
Almost all quality wine is made in regions where the year-average temperature ranges from X to X?
10-20 degrees C (50-68 degrees F)
Climate factors affecting grape production
Length of the growing season
-Frost-free days -Need at least 150
Site selection (elevation, slope aspect, proximity to large bodies of water)
Heat accumulation- Growing Degree Days
-Wine style, variety adaptation
-Temperatures during the final month (ripening)
Relative Humidity and Rainfall
What does growing grapes on slopes help with?
heat accumulation
What do wind machines help with?
frost protection
In Indiana, __ of 34 wineries grow grapes, and __ of these grow vinifera.
23
6
Rank regions of Indiana in terms of grape acerage (north, central, south)
1. South
2. North
3. Central
t/f, low yielding vines produce the best wines.
true in some cases, but not always
sunlight exposure is good/bad for grape ripening?
good!
T/F, Grapes are the most widely grown fruit crop worldwide, and there are over 70 species that evolved in the northern hemisphere.
True!!
T/F, Vitis vinifera is “King”, but its production would not be possible without North American grape rootstocks; also, many hybrid varieties are grown in cold areas.
All completely TRUE.
process of winemaking (7 steps)
Harvesting
Destemming/Crushing
Pressing
Fermentations
Sulfur Dioxide
Barrels/Aging
Stabilizing/Filtration
Bottling/Corks
definition of wine quality
A composite response derived
from all sensory properties
and based on previous experience
with a wide variety of wines.
Aspects of wine quality
Intensity of aroma, bouquet (& color)?
Complexity of aroma and bouquet?
Typicity of the wine?
Absence of spoilage?
A Style you enjoy?
artificial neural networks are based on ?
different variables of wine production that determine quality- method is very accurate for determining whether or not the wine of a particular vintage will be good
a crusher/destemmer sometimes uses a membrane; why?
it blows up like a balloon, squeezing out the juice
what is 'must?'
crushed, unfermented skins, seeds, stems
t/f, whole cluster pressing is a very delicate process.
true! it is used for chardonnay
what percent of juice runs out of the presser freely? what percent has to be pressed out?
80%
last 20% is pressed out
what is 'pomace?'
pressed skins, seeds, and stems
Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments sugar into?
alcohol and CO2
the carbon dioxide gase produced by fermentation is ___ times greater than the volume of the must.
55
Why use barrels? And what is the ideal temperature?
Barrel Fermentation aids integration of fruit aromas and oak flavors.

60-65 degrees F
Why use stainless steel barrels? Ideal temperature?
White Wines
55-60°Fahrenheit
What is a fermentation bouquet? Give examples.
Esters
– Caprate C10
– Laurate C12
– Pelargonate C9
– Caprylate C8
– Myristate C14

Higher alcohols
– Phenylethanol
what leads to a buttery flavor?
malolactic fermentation
malolactic fermentation starts with ? and ends with ?, and is performed by ? bacteria
malic acid
lactic acid (less tart)
Oenococcus oeni
consequences of malolactic fermentation?
-reduction of acidity
-increase in fatty components -- perfume like complexity
-production of diacetyl
what specific component is responsible for a 'buttery' taste in wine?
diacetyl (produced during malolactic fermentation)
alternatives to oak barrels
-wood chips, sticks, or staves
lifespan of a barrel?
4-6 years (have to replace 17-25% of barrels each year)
what is a "cap" in terms of fermentation?
layer of skins and seeds in a fermentation tank (floats above the wine) - has to be punched down
max temp for wine fermentation/ cap punching?
85-90 degrees F
name of red wine pigments and where found in grapes?
Anthocyanins
located in skin!
what are wine 'diamonds?'
grape tartrates that are non-soluble in alcohol and are harmless
how to prevent wine diamonds?
cold stabilization- cool and filter out the crystals at ~27 degrees (freezing pt)
types of wine filters?
pad and membrane
bottling is often done in the presence of ?
nitrogen
most common type of cork
bark (natural one piece)
the musty, moldy off odor known as 'cork taint' is caused by what molecule?
2,4,6 Trichloroanisole (TCA)
ideal temp. for wine storage
Whites: 45-55°F
Reds: 55-65°F
ideal humidity for wine storage
normal (40-60%)
bottles should be stored in which direction? light should be high/low?
sideways
want it to be DARK
how long to store wines at home?
red: 0-10 years
white: 0-3 years
T/F, unfiltered wine is better.
NO
Cork taint is caused by ???
bleaching of corks (affects 3-5% of wines)
Temperatures for serving wines
Whites/roses: 45-55 F
Reds: 65-75F
Sparkling: 30-45F
White wine making process
(Destem – Crush) – Press – Ferment Juice

@ 55-65F
Red wine making process
Destem – Crush - Ferment Must - Press

@ 80-90F
who started first commercial wine vineyard in the US?
John James DuFour
3 types of American dessert wines
-ice wine
-late harvest wine
-passito
legal definition of ice wine
ATF Ruling 78-4, 1978 C.B. 61,
allows use of the term "ice wine"
for wine made from grapes
that were “partially frozen on the vine”
definition of "frozen"
Grapes starting to freeze: <32°F
Grapes frozen solid: <12°F
Optimum ice wine pressing:16-20°F
Canadian definition:18°F (-8°C)
temp. of ice wine juice that's been pressed out
20F
difference between ice wine & late harvest wine?
Concentration of sugars, acids and aromas

IW: Partial freezing of the berry’s water and pressing of frozen berries

LH: Dehydration of berries via perforation of cell walls by Botrytis fungus
Oh Canada... what is their biggest export?
ice wine
T/F, Canada is the US' biggest export market for ice wine
TRUE!!
What does Botrytis cinerea cause?
"Noble rot"
Cause of Botrytis cinerea/ 'noble rot'?
Late-season infections:
relative humidity 92+%
free moisture on berry surface
temperatures up to 82°F
labeling requirements for late harvest wines
the amount of sugar contained in the grapes at the time of harvest and the amount of residual sugar in the finished wine are accurately stated on the label
why isn't the date of harvest allowed on late harvest wine bottles?
it's meaningless b/c of all the factors that affect the grapes
What makes a wine a 'passito?'
Concentration of sugars, acids, aromas

Dehydration of berries by temperature and humidity-controlled drying

(basically, temperature-controlled dehydration)
examples of passitos
Vin Santo
Amarone
Recioto
examples of late harvest wines
TrockenBeerenAuslese (Germany & Austria)
Sauterne (France)
Tokaji (Hungary)
conditions for Purdue passito drying
75ºF/40% r.H.
% of US wines made in California
90%
regions in California
-North coast (Napa valley, Carneros, Mendocino)
-Sierra foothills (Amador)
-Central valley
-Central coast (Monterey)
-South coast
how 'tall' is california?
700 miles
how do the latitudes of CA and France compare?
The top of CA is near 42 degrees, which is near the bottom of France.
# of wineries in CA
2,740
acres of wine grapes in CA
~470,000
Who came up with the idea of "degree days" AKA heat summation?
UC Professors
Maynard Amerine and Albert Winkler
what was the name of their publication?
Hilgardia
top 3 wines of CA
red:
cabernet sauvignon
Zinfandel
merlot

white:
Chardonnay
French Colombard
Chenin Blanc
In 1976, two new Napa wineries, ? and ?, “beat” some of the “best” French wines in a tasting in Paris held to commemorate the U.S. bicentennial.
Stag’s Leap Wine Cellars
Chateau Montelena
What is CA's first AVA (American Viticulture Area)?
Napa Valley
What region of CA has the highest reputation?
North Coast (includes Napa and Sonoma)
What region of CA mass produces wine?
Central Valley
What region of CA has fog to protect grapes?
Central Valley
Are higher/lower elevations better for grapes? Why?
Higher
More UV and cooler air
How are 'degree days' determined?
count days above 55 degrees and add # of degrees above 55 tog. for each day.
t/f, varieties grown in CA are also grown in Europe.
TRUE!!!
Why doesn't transplanting work often?
Conditions differ
e.g. Varieties selected in Burgundy, where it's cool, can't survive in hot CA!
Why is San Francisco such a good region for growing grapes?
MILD temperatures (not too hot or cold)
Low precipitation during growing season
What precipitation challenges face Bordeaux?
Precipitation is low but increases in Sept. & October- don't want rain during harvest!!!
Napa Valley:
# of wineries
# of AVAs (sub-apellations)
# of soil types
271+
14
30
what defines an AVA (sup-appellation)?
differences in geographic features
What is Carneros, and what is it known for?
Part of Napa & Sonoma
Known for sparkling wines (chardonnay & pinot noir used for champagne)
Who is Robert Mondavi?
symbol of Napa Valley
promoted wine and supported universities
promoted varietals
characteristics of Mendocino (on the North Coast).
50+ wineries
8 sub-appellations (AVAs); 25% organic vineyards
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Gewürztraminer, Viognier, Cabernet Sauvignon, Zinfandel, Pinot Noir, Merlot
characteristics of Sierra Foothills
Example: Amador AVA
1,200 - 2,000 ft in elevation
62% Zinfandel (1,933 acres)
22% of vines 60+ years old
25+ wineries
Top 5 wineries in CA produce what percentage of wine in CA? In the US?
= 86%
of CA
= 78%
of US
Name the top 5.
E&J Gallo
Constellation Brands
The Wine Group
Bronco Wine Company
Fosters Wine Estates
Total
US wine
production
(2007)
271
million
cases
Where is E&J Gallo? (what region- don't think too hard!)
central valley
Salinas & Carmel Valleys are found where?
Monterey AVA in Central Coast of CA
what causes grape vines to die along the south coast?
Glassy Winged Sharp Shooter =>
Xylella fastidiosa (bacterium) =>
Pierce’s Disease
name Oregon's valleys
Willamette (north & south)
Umpqua
Rogue & Applegate
Columbia River
Walla walla
Top varieties of wine in Oregon?
red- Pinot Noir
white- Pinot Gris

(70% Pinot)
T/F, Oregon has a cool coastal climate and many artisan wineries.
true
top 3 red/white wines in Washington State
Red:
Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
Syrah

White:
Chardonnay
Riesling
Sauvignon Blanc
what 3 warnings must be on a wine bottle?
-pregnant women
-driving/ operating machinery
-contains sulfites