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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Puberty |
thetime between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development.Usually lasts 3 to 5 years. Many more years are required to achievepsychosocial maturity |
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Menarche |
agirl’s first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation.Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation often areirregular for years |
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Spermarche |
boy’sfirst ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, butejaculation signals sperm production/ May occur during sleep or via directstimulation |
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Hormone |
anorganic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed viathe blood stream to another to affect some physiological function |
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Pituitary |
a gland inthe brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing manyhormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands,among them the adrenal and sex glands |
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Adrenal glands |
two glandslocated above the kidneys, that produce hormones |
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HPA(hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis |
asequences of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves tothe pituitary and then ends in the adrenal glands |
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HPG(hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis |
asequences of hormone production that begins in the hypothalamus, moves to thepituitary and ends in the gonads |
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Estradiol |
a sexhormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more estradiolthan males to |
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Testosterone |
a sexhormone, considered the chief male hormone, males produce much moretestosterone than females do |
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senescence |
gradual physical declinerelated to aging- occurs in everyone in every body part, but the rate ofdecline is highly variable within and between persons |
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organ reserve |
extra capacity builtinto each organ, such as the heart and lungs, that allows a person to cope withextraordinary demands or to withstand organ strain- reserve power decreaseseach year but people rarely notice because they don’t need it/ rely on it |
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homeostasis |
adjustmentof all the body’s systems to keep physiological functions in a state ofequilibrium, moment by moment --> as the body ages, it takes longerfor these homeostatic adjustments to occur, so it becomes harder for olderbodies to adapt to stress (vital capacity decreases in smokers, breathingbecomes quicker and shallower with age, but homeostasis keeps adequate oxygenin the blood) |
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allostasis |
dynamic bodyadjustment, related to homeostasis, that over time affects overall physiology-the main difference is that while homeostasis requires an immediate response,allostasis requires long-term adjustment |
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IVF (in vitro fertilization) |
· uses one procedure calledintra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)à ova surgically removed from woman andfertilized with sperm in a laboratory, after the zygotes have divided severaltimes they are inserted into the woman’s uterus --> success rate decreases with age (32% successfor women under 35) |
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hormone replacement therapy (HRT) |
taking hormones(estrogen and progesterone) as supplements to relieve common menopause symptoms |
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andropause |
age-related gradualreduction in testosterone |
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Stressor |
situation, event orexperience that causes a person to feel stressed (the same stressors do notaffect all people) |
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problem-focused coping |
strategy to deal withstress by tackling a stressful situation directly (more common in higher SESand young adults) |
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emotion-focused coping |
strategyto cope with stress by changing feelings about the stressor rather thanchanging the stressor itself |
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general intelligence (g) |
proposed by CharlesSpearman, g assumes that intelligence is one basic trait underlying allcognitive abilities. According to his concept, people have varying levels ofgeneral ability --> g cannot be measured directly, instead inferredthrough vocabulary, memory and reasoning --> some believe that g does not exist |
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Flynn effect |
rise in average IQ scores that hasoccurred over the decades in many nations |
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Fluid intelligence |
quick and flexible,enables people to learn anything quickly, these people are creative and fastwith words and numbers, enjoy puzzles, are curious, enjoy learning for the funof it, associated with openness to new experiences and overall brain health |
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Crystallized intelligence |
vocabulary, knowledgeof chemical formulas and memory of dates and be used to test it, it is relatedto education |
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Analytic intelligence |
abstractplanning, strategy selection, focused attention, memory, informationprocessing, verbal and logical skills --> good at multiple choice questionswith only one true answer |
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Creative intelligence |
intellectuallyflexible and innovative, divergent thinking, many unusual ideas will receivehigh scores here |
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Practical intelligence |
capacityto adapt to demands of the situation, “street smarts”, “tacit intelligence”,not obvious on tests, intelligence used in everyday problem solving |
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Selective optimization with compensation |
developed by Paul and MargretBaltes, people try to maintain balance in their lives by looking for the bestway to compensate for physical and cognitive losses to become more proficientin activities they can already do well |
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Expert |
someone who isnotably more proficient/knowledgeable/accomplished in a certain skill/ topic/task than the average person |
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Expertise |
accomplishment at aparticular skill or in-depth knowledge of a particular subject that is greaterthan the average person |
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Automatic processing |
thinking that occurs withoutdeliberate, conscious thought, experts process most tasks automatically, savingconscious thought for unfamiliar challenges |
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Midlife crisis |
supposed period ~40of radical self-exclamation and sudden transformation, especially in men, no concreteevidence it actually exists |
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the big 5 |
5 clusters of personality traitsthat appear in every culture and era (OCEAN): o openness- imaginative, curious, open to newexperiences o conscientiousness- organized, deliberate, conforming o extroversion- outgoing, assertive, active o agreeableness- kind, helpful, easygoing, generous o neuroticism- moody, self-punishing, critical |
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ecological niche |
particular lifestyleand social context that adults settle into because it is compatible with theirpersonality needs and interests |
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social convoy |
collectively, the family and itsmembers, friends, acquaintances, and even strangers who move through life withan individual |
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fictive kin |
someone who becomesaccepted as part of a family to which he or she has no blood relation |
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Empty nest |
when parent’schildren have left the home to pursue their own lives --> often improves a relationship (may worsen a relationship where parents wereonly together for their children’s sake) |
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generativity vs stagnation |
Erikson’s 7thstage of development, adults always seek to be productive in a caring way,through art, caregiving and employment |
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kinkeeper |
caregiver who takesresponsibility for maintaining communication among family members (generally amiddle aged woman who has several adult children) |
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sandwich generation |
generation of middleaged people expected to help with both the older and younger generations(“squeezed” between the needs of the 2 generations) |
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Extrinsic rewards of work |
tangible benefits, usually in theform of compensation (salary, health insurance, pension) that one receives fordoing a job |
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Intrinsic rewards of work |
intangible gratifications (jobsatisfaction, self-esteem, pride), generativity is intrinsic |
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flextime |
arrangement where work schedule isflexible so that employees can balance personal and occupationalresponsibilities (some form of this is available in ¾ of Canadian and Americanbusinesses) |
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telecommuting |
working at home and keeping in touchwith the office via computer and telephone |
