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25 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
How does an infection occur?
For infection occur, six components are necessary:

infectious agent
reservoir
portal of exit - escape route
means of transmission - route
portal of entry - entry point
susceptible host
What are the factors for contracting an infection?
1. Innoculation (number) of pathogen
2. virulence of pathogen
3. susceptibility of host
4. length contact between host and pathogen
What are reservoirs for pathogens?
the natural habitat

ie soil animals, humans (may be symptomatic or asymptomatic)
This pathogen is responsible for most UTI's. Does it always cause infection?
E. Coli - opportunistic infection in urinary tract. Part of normal flora in intestinal tract.
When is a person most infectious?
Prodromal stage of infection.

starts at onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms (fever, malaise) until specific signs and symptoms
What are the stages of infection?
1. incubation period - before any symptoms
2. prodromal stage - nonspecific signs and symptoms (most infectious stage)
3. illness - specific signs and symptoms
4. convalescence - recovery period - signs & symp disappear
How can you diagnose infection with laboratory data?
1. elevated leukocyte counts - normal value is 5,000 to 10000/ cub mm
2. elevated erythrocyte sedimtation rate - RBC settle more rapidly in presence of inflammation
3. presence of pathogen in blood, urine, sputum
The lab reports a neutrophil differential of 70%. What is the patient suffering from?
70% is not indicative of disease.

Normal neutrophil is 60-70% of white blood cell differential. Above normal indicates acute infection or stress.
What are the normal leukocyte differntials.
60-70% = neutrophil
20-40% = lymphocyte
2-8% = monocytes
1-4% = eosinophil
0.5-1% = basophil
high differentials indicate
1. neutrophil
2. lymphocyte
3. monocyte
4. eosinophil
5. basophil
1. acute infection (inflammation) or stress
2. chronic infections - bact or viral
3. severe infections (chronic also?)
4. allergies or parasite
5. unaffected by infections
How do you prevent or break the chain of infection?
aseptic technique
- medical asepsis - clean technique
- surgical asepsis - sterile technique
insertion of a UT catheter more directly involves which aseptic technique?
surgical asepsis - sterile (free from any microorganism)

medical aspesis, otoh, reduces number and transfer of pathogen
most effective way to prevent spread of organisms is __?
hand hygiene
why should you clean hands immediately after being soiled?
prevent transient bacteria from becoming resident bacteria
disinfect vs sterilize
disinfect = kill all but spores
sterilize = kill all including spores
when cleaning items before sterilization/disinfection, do you use hot or cold water?
1st, cold - heat coagulates organic material
2nd, warm - warm facilitates emulsification with soap
How does the body defend against infection?
1. normal flora
2. inflammatory resp
3. immune response - antigen-antibody
What affects host susceptibility to infection?
intact skin, pH

age sex race hereditary

fatigue, stress, nutrition

immunization (nat'l/acquired), invasive/indwelling medical devices
Should you sterilize for a noninvasive medical equipment?
No.

Disinfect for equipmt that does not enter sterile body part.
Sterilize for equipmt that enters sterile body part.
What is OSHA?
govt agency - administers the Occupational Safety and Health Act

sets safety standards for workers
What are the standard precautions to prevent infections?
1. hand hygiene
2. gloves when touching blood or other bodily fluids
3. wear protection - ie masks, eye shield, etc
4. never recap needles
5. take care of used patient care equipment
adequate envir ctrl?
room assignment?
Who is JCAHO?
joint commission on accreditation of healthcare organizations

focuses on patient safety
What govt agency is resp for controlling and preventing disease
CDC - center for disease control
Healthcare assoc infections (HAI) include two types:
nosocomial - any infection originating from hospital

iatrogenic - results from a treatment/procedure

not all nosocomial infec are iatrogenic, but converse is true
When is surgical aspesis necessary?
OR, labor/delivery room

patient bedside: Urinary catheter, sterile dressing changes, prep for injection