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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
kinesiology
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the study of human movement
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Biomechanics
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study of motion and its causes on living things
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subdisciplines of Kinesiology (6)
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-biomechanics
-motor development -pedagogy -exercise physiology -motor learning -psycho social |
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exercise physiology
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-identification of physiological mechanisms underlying physical activity
-the comrehensive delivery of treatment services concerned with the analysis, improvement, and maintenance of health and fitness, rehabilitation of heart disease and other chronic diseases and/or disabilities, and the professional guidance and counsel of athletes and others interested in athletics, sports training, and human adaptability to acute and chronic exercise |
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Motor Development
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-AKA ages and stages
-describes abiitiesm behaviors. cognition developments across based on "normal" development |
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Motor Learning
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-the process of improving the motor skills. the smoothness and accuracy of movements.
-important for complicated movements and also simple movements like reflexes as parameters of the body and environment change over time =cerebellum and basal ganglia are critical for motor learning |
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Pedagogy
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the study of teaching (methods and practice of teaching)
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Psycho-Social
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study how factors affect sport performance and physical activity
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Professions related to Biomechanics (6)
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-coaching
-orthopedic surgeon -physical educator -athletic trainer -strength and conditioning professional -occupational therapist |
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Quantitative Analysis
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measurement of biomechanical varialbes which usually involves some form of technology (a computer to collect numerical data)
-usually performed in a research setting but can also be performed outside lab -can be very technical and sometimes requires advanced graduate training and experience |
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Qualitative Measurement
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systemic observation judgement of the quality of human movement for the purpose of providing the most appropriate intervention to improve performance
-remains the main approach kinesiology professionals use in solving most human movement problems |
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Advantages to Quantitative Analysis
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-Greater accuracy, consistency, precision
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Advantages of Qualitative Analysis
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-relies on observation
-faster (on the spot) -less formal |
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Order of reliable sources (most to least)
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-peer reviewed journals
-edited proceedings -edited books -professional journals -magazines -internet |
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Mechanics
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A branch of physics that studies the motion of objects and the forces that cause motion
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3 Primary areas of Motion
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Rigid-body
Deformable body -fluid |
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Rigid-body
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the object being analyzed is assumed to be rigid and deformities in shape are minimal
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Deformable body
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studies how forces are distributed within a material (ex: cellular relationship to tissues and organs)
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Fluid
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addresses forces such as liquids and gases (ex: heart valves, swimming, or adapting sports equipment to minimize air resistence)
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what is rigid body divided in to?
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static and dynamic
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static
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the study of objects at rest or in constant motion
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dynamic
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study of objects being accelerated by actions and forces
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Kinematics
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motion description in linear (meters, feet, etc) or angular (radians, degrees, etc) terms
- ex: running speed of a sprinter, stride length, angular velocity of hip extension |
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Kinetics
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determines causes of motion
- ex: forces between the foot and ground when running; forces of air resistance for a long jumper |
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Scalars
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variables that ca be completely represented by a number and units of measurement
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vectors
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must specify magnitude and direction (size, units, and direction)
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9 Fundamentals of Biomechanics
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-Force motion
-Force time -inertia -ROM -Balance -Coordination Continuum -Segmental Interaction -Optimal Projection -Spin |
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Force Motion
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forces occur all around and within us and are effected through movement
-ex: standing in self space feeling ground underneath |
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Force Time
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amount of time force is applied effects motion
-ex: soccer penalty kick using a running approach |
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inertia
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an object in motion remains in motion until a force works to stop it, hill running or parachute running, skiing down a hill
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Range of Motion
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ability/tissue to move joints through optimal angles, pitching with a long stride, turning the torso in a golf swing hickey shot
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Balance
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-holding a position or distributing according to a support, handstand, standing on one foot
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Coordination Continuum
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timing of muscle or body movement for precise or sequential movement, vertical jump in volleyball, a power clean in weight lifting
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Segmental Interaction
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-forces acting in linked ridged bodies that can be transferred through ligaments and joints; sum of body parts toward an end result, ex: parts of the body needed for a golf swing
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Optimal Projection
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using objects for distance or accuracy requires contacting or launching a projectile at various angles; ex: football spiral
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Spin
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rotation on projectile primarily sport balls; ex: banana kick in soccer, slice in golf
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5 health related components of fitness
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-muscular strength
-muscular endurance -cariovascular endurance -flexibility -body composition |
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Muscular Strength
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is ability of a muscle to exert a maximal force through a given range of motion or at a single given point
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Muscular Endurance
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refers to the capacity of a muscle to exert a submaximal force through a given range of motion or at a single point over a given time
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cardiovascular endurance
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is the ability to continue training the CV system for a period longer than 20 mins (on average)
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flexibility
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the ability of a joint to move freely through a full range of motion
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body composition
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the ratio of lean body mass to fat body mass
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Sport/Skill Related Components of Fitness (6)
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-agility
-balance -coordination -power -reaction time -speed |
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Agility
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the ability torapidly and accurately change the direction of the whole body in space
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balance
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the ability to maintain equilibrium while stationary or moving
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coordination
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the ability to use the senses and body parts in order to perform motor tasks smoothly and accurately
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power
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the amount of force a muscle can exert
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reaction time
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the ability to respond quickly to stimuli
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speed
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the amount of time it takes the body to perform specific tasks
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anatomy
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the study of the structire of the human body
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planes (3)
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-Frontal - divide the body into front and back
-Sagittal - divide the body down the middle -Transverse - divide the body at the waist |
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Directional Terms (4)
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Superior - toward the head
Inferior - toward the feet medial - toward the middle Lateral - away from the midline toward the sides |
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Joint Motions (6)
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-Flexion- decrease in joint angle
-Extension- increase in joint angle -Adduction- mvmt toward the midline of the body -Abduction- mvmt away from the midline of the body -Pronation- internal rotation of the forearm and radial jt. -Supination- outward rotation of the forearm radial jt. |
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fascicles
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bundles of fibers in skeletal muscle
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Epimysium
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connective tissue surrounding the whole muscle
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Perimysium
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- connective tissue surrounding fiber bundle
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Parallel fiber arrangement
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-muscle fibers aligned parallel to a long axis
-increased ROM and decreased strength -ex: rectus abdominus and biceps brachii |
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Pennate fiber alignment
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-muscle fibers are aligned at a small angle along the axis
-decreased ROm and increased strength -unipennate (semimembranosis, tibailis anterior) -bipennate (rectus femoris, gastrocs) |
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hypertrophy
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increased muscle fiber diameter from training
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atrophy
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decreased muscle fiber diameter from inactivity
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eccentric
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lengthening of muscle finbers
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concentric
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shortening of muscle fibers
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isometric
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muscle fibers remain at the same length but with resistance
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muscle inactions
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muscle fibers same length with no resistance
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agonist
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muscle groups that work together during contraction (shortening)
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antagonist
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muscle groups that work opposite one another (one lengthens while the other shortens)
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stabilizer
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a muscle that contracts with no significant movement to maintain a posture or fixate a joint
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ROM Principle
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-less ROM is most effective for low effort (force/speed) activities such as darts and putting
-greater ROM favors maximum efforts related to speed and overall force production such as javelin and pole vault |
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isotonic
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involve free weights (barbells/dumbells) or machines that utilize eccentric/concentric movement
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isometric
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performed against a fixed or immovable resistance
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isokinetic
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two way concentric movement (no eccentric) for example a machine that requires you to push one way and pull in the opposite direction
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Force Motion Principle
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muscle groups that primarily contribute to the motion of interest whould be trained
-gymanst performing a split (stretching hip adductors while increasing the strength of the hip abductors) -pitcher throwing a fastball (stretching the pecs while increasing the strength of the shoulder) |
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lordosis
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is the normal shape of the spine in the lower back and neck; in these two areas a normal spine has a mild backward curve
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scoliosis
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a curving of the spine; the spine curves away from the middle or sideways
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kyphosis
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a curving of the spine that causes a bowing or rounding of the back, which leads to a hunchback or slouching posture
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