Foundations Of Health. Chapter 2

Front 1

Can’t fully appreciate the profession without knowing of the origin

Allows to see progress made & observe trends over time

Provides an appreciation of the struggles & obstacles faced by pioneers of the profession

Learn useful lessons from the past about successful strategies

Back 1

Why study history

Front 2

Learned from observation, trial, and error

Knowledge transformed rules or taboos for a society

Knowledge passed from one generation to the next

Disease and death were puzzling; caused by magic or malevolent spirits

To prevent disease and death sacrifices were made,and charms, spells and chants were used

Back 2

Early Humans

Front 3

Evidence of community health found in earliest of civilizations

India; 4,000 years ago signs of sanitation

Oldest health-related documents
Smith Papyri (1600 B.C.) – surgical techniques

Code of Hammurabi – laws pertaining to health practices (physician fees)

Back 3

Early Efforts at Community Health

Front 4

Primitive medicine due in part priest-physicians

Known for personal cleanliness

Back 4

Egyptians (3000-1500 B.C.)

Front 5

Extended the Egyptian hygienic code

Formulated probably the world’s first hygienic code in the biblical book of Leviticus

Back 5

Hebrews (around 1500 B.C.)

Front 6

1st to put emphasis on disease prevention

Balance among physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), and spiritual (theology)

Asclepius – god of medicine
Hygeia – power to prevent disease; more prominent
Panacea – ability to treat disease

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)
Atomic theory
the first epidemiologist and father of medicine

Back 6

Greeks (1000-400 B.C.)

Front 7

1st to put emphasis on disease prevention

Balance among physical (athletics), mental (philosophy), and spiritual (theology)

Asclepius – god of medicine
Hygeia – power to prevent disease; more prominent
Panacea – ability to treat disease

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)
Atomic theory
the first epidemiologist and father of medicine

Back 7

Greeks (1000-400 B.C.

Front 8

Political and social unrest; many health advances lost

Overcrowding, sewage removal, lack of fresh water problems

Christianity was born; personal hygiene not practiced; body became important

Great epidemics, i.e., leprosy & bubonic (black) plague

Many theories for disease; many superstitions

Education about health continued to exist

Back 8

Middle or Dark Ages (500 B.C.- A.D. 1500)

Front 9

Science reemerged as legitimate field & replaced superstition; progress was slow

Still much disease & plague; medical care rudimentary

Barber–surgeons; bloodletting

English royalty lived better; hygiene in all was lacking

Invention of printing press; microscope discovered; epidemiology studied

16th century in Italy; public health boards instituted to fight plague

Back 9

Renaissance (rebirth) (A.D. 1500 – 1700)

Front 10

Period of revolution, industrialization, & growth in cities

Disease & epidemics still frequent

Miasmas theory - disease from vapors

James Lind, discovered scurvy; Edward Jenner discovered vaccine for smallpox

Progress was made, but medical knowledge still rudimentary & health education still not a profession

Back 10

Age of Enlightenment (1700s)

Front 11

First half of 1800s little progress & much disease

1842, Chadwick’s Report on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Laboring Populations of Great Britain

1849, Snow removes pump handle in London

1862, Pasteur proposes germ theory

1876, Koch aligned specific microbes with specific diseases

1875-1900, bacteriological period of public health

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The 1800s

Front 12

Health conditions similar to Europe; deplorable; sanitation poor; much disease

Many immigrants, cities growing, overcrowding

Quarantine & environmental regulations used

1789, first life expectancy tables created

1790s, some cities formed local health boards

1798, Marine Hospital Service Act

Back 12

1700s

Front 13

- Little progress, still much disease

- Industrial Revolution brought more people to cities

- Epidemics were common; life expectancy dropped

Back 13

1800-1850

Front 14

- Public health reform slow to get started
- 1850, Shattuck’s Report of Sanitary Commission of Massachusetts
- 1872, APHA founded
- By 1900, 38 states had formed boards of health; county boards were developing too
- Marine Hospital service developed into U.S. Public Health Service
- 1879, National Board of Health created

Back 14

1850-1900

Front 15

- Reform phase of public health

- Many social problems

- First voluntary health agencies formed
* 1902, National Assoc. for Study & Prevention of TB
* 1913, American Cancer Society

- 1912, Marine Hospital Service becomes U.S. Public Health Service

- 1918–1919, influenza outbreak

Back 15

1900-1920

Front 16

Relatively quiet period in public health

Need for health education existed

Back 16

1920's

Front 17

- Emphasis on treatment over prevention

- 1929, Great Depression

- 1930, Hygienic Laboratory converted to the National Institute of Health (now called National Institutes of Health) (NIH)

- 1933, the New Deal of Roosevelt

- Social Security Act of 1935 beginning of federal government’s involvement in social issues

- 1946, Communicable Disease Center was established (now called Centers for Disease Control & Prevention) (CDC)

- 1946, National Hospital Survey & Construction Act; also known as Hill-Burton Act; distribution & quality of hospitals

Back 17

1930's & 1940's

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1954, Derryberry indicated problem of greatest significance was chronic disease (this was a switch from communicable diseases); also planted the seed for health educators to play a greater role in prevention

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1950s & 1960s

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Medicare; health insurance for the elderly

Medicaid; health insurance for the poor

Back 19

1965, amendments to Social Security Act of 1935

Front 20

- 1974, Canadian report A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians; importance of lifestyle & environmental factors to health

1974 to present, Health Promotion Era of Public Health

1979, Healthy People published; importance of lifestyle

1980, Promoting Health/ Preventing Disease: Objectives of the Nation; 1st set of objectives

1990, Healthy People 2000, National Health Promotion & Disease Prevention Objectives

1997, Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) Policy Review Committee approved a new, distinct classification for health educator

Back 20

1970s, 1980s, & 1990s

Front 21

2000, Healthy People 2010

- Is the nation’s health promotion and disease prevention agenda

- A roadmap to improve health using a 10 year plan

- Comprised of three parts
* Part I – History, Determinants of health model, How to use a systematic approach, Leading Health Indicators (LHI)

* Part II – Two goals (Increase quality and years of healthy life, Eliminate health disparities), & 467 objectives in 28 focus areas

* Part III –Tracking of progress

2006, Healthy People 2010, Midcourse Review
* Could assess progress of 281 of the objectives

National Public Health Performance Standards Program (NPHPSP)

Back 21

2000s

Front 22

- Vaccination
- Motor Vehicle Safety
- Safer Workplaces
- Control of Infectios Disease
- Decline in deaths form coronary (heart disease and stroke)
- Safer and healthier foods
- Healthier mothers and babies
- Family Planning
- Fluoridation of drinking water
- Recogintion of tobacco use as a health hazard

Back 22

The Ten Great Health Public Health Acheivments

Front 23

Old Deluder” law passed in Massachusetts

Early education practices came from England; school year was short

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1647

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Horace Mann, Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education, called for mandatory programs of hygiene

mid-1800s, most schools tax supported & attendance required

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1837

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Lemuel Shattuck’s report called for teaching of physiology

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1850

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all states passed law requiring teaching on evils of alcohol, narcotics, & tobacco because of pressure from Women’s Christian Temperance Union

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1880–1890

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Health education characterized by inconsistency & awkward progress

1915, National TB Association introduced “Modern Health Crusade”

Sally Jean Lucas, active leader in Child Health Organization of America, was responsible for changing name from hygiene education to health education

WWI, 29% of men rejected for service on physical grounds; helped show need for school health

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1910-1920

Front 28

Profession was moving forward

A number of school health demonstration projects; showed habits could be changed & health improved

1927, American Association of School Physicians founded; later (1938) becomes American School Health Association

A number of other professional organizations include school health in their title or mission

WWII, 50% of men rejected for service

Back 28

1920s, 1930s, & 1940s

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Demonstration projects completed; positive results

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1950's

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School Health Education Study (SHES) directed by Dr. Elena Sliepcevich

- Phase 1, Surveys of students & administrators; results were appalling

- Phase 2, Health curriculum; 10 conceptual areas

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1964

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Office of Comprehensive School Health established in USDE

Back 31

1978

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- Health Education
- Physical Education
- Health services
- Nutrition Services
- Psycological and Social services
- Healthy school environment
- Health promotion for staff
- Family/Community Involvment

Back 32

Eight (8) elements or Coordinated School Health Program

Front 33

_________ still hold great promise for health education efforts
54 million K-12 students
121,000 schools

Back 33

Today Schools

Front 34

Schools still hold great promise for health education efforts

- 54 million K-12 students
- 121,000 schools

Back 34

CDC’s six critical behaviors