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282 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
  • 3rd side (hint)
What is the space between the laryngeal inlet and the vestibular folds?
The Vestibule
What subdivision of the Pharynx is indicated by the white arrow?
The Nasopharynx
What are the superior and inferior boundaries of the middle part of the Larynx?
It is very thin:
between the Vestibular Folds (false vocal folds) superiorly,
and the Vocal Folds inferiorly.
What feature of the tongue is indicated by the white arrow?

What boundary do they mark?
Vallate Papillae

The 8-12 vallate papillae mark the juncture between the oral anterior 2/3 and the posterior pharyngeal 1/3.
What is the space inferior to the Vocal Folds called?
The Infraglottic Space
What subdivision of the Pharynx is indicated by the white arrow?
The Oropharynx
What is the name of the cartilage indicated by the white arrow?
The Thyroid Cartilage.
What is the skeleton of the nose composed of?
The skeleton of the external nose is largely cartilaginous, except for the Nasal Bones.
What is the point on the Thyroid Cartilage indicated by the white arrow called?
The Laryngeal Prominence.
What subdivision of the Pharynx is indicated by the white arrow?
The Laryngopharynx
What is the name of the cartilage indicated by the white arrow?
The Cricoid Cartilage
What feature of the tongue is indicated by the white arrow?
The Foramen Caecum, at the apex of the Terminal Sulcus.
What is the name of the cartilage indicated by the white arrow?
The Arytenoid Cartilage
What separates the Pharynx from the vertebral column?
The pharynx is separated from the posteriorly positioned vertebral column by a thin retropharyngeal space containing loose connective tissue.
What is the space between the Vocal Folds called?
Rima Glottidis
What is the pink region indicated by the yellow area?
The Infratemporal Fossa
What is the structure indicated by the white arrows?
The Epiglottis
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow(s)?
The Superior Constrictor
What is the space indicated by the white arrows called?
The Vestibule
What is the embryologic origin of the Foramen Caecum?
It is a remnant of the embryological development of the thyroid gland.
It closes before birth but remains as a landmark.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Quadrangular Membrane
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow(s)?
The Middle Constrictor Muscle.
What are the structures indicated by the white arrows?
The Vocal Folds.
What forms the superior border of the nasal cavity?
The Anterior Cranial Fossa via the Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Vestibular Folds (or False Vocal Folds).
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow(s)?
The Inferior Constrictor Muscle.
What is the space between the Vocal Folds and the Vestibular Folds called?
The Ventricle of the Larynx.
What is the name of V-shaped groove immediately posterior to the Vallate Papillae?
The Terminal Sulcus.
What is reflexively closed if a foreign object becomes trapped superior t the Vestibule of the Larynx?
The Rima Glottidis, the triangular opening between the two Vocal Folds.
What nerves form the Pharyngeal Plexus?
The pharyngeal branch of the Vagus (CN X), and
the pharyngeal branch of the Glossopharyngeal (CN IX).
Also includes branches from the external laryngeal nerve and from the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve [X].
What cranial nerve supplies all of the efferent innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the Larynx?
The Vagus (CN X)
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?
Orbicularis Oculi
What nerves are indicated by the white arrows?

What intrinsic laryngeal muscle does it innervate?
The External Laryngeal Nerve

The Cricothyroid Muscle
What portion of the palate is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hard Palate
What connects the Thyroid cartilage to the Hyoid Bone?
The Thyrohyoid Membrane
What is the name of the groove indicated by the white arrow?
The Median Groove
What muscle is indicated by the white arrows?
The Anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle
What portion of the palate is indicated by the white arrow?
The Soft Palate
What muscle is indicated by the white arrows?
The Posterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle.
What forms the lateral borders of the nasal cavity?
The Maxillary Sinuses and the Ethmoidal Sinuses (superior to the cross section shown)
What muscle is indicated by the white arrows?
The Mylohyoid Muscle
What bones make up the surface of the Hard Palate?
The palatine process of the Maxilla and the horizontal plate of the Palatine bone.
What type of papillae are found at the location on the tongue indicated by the white arrow?
Foliate Papillae
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?

What muscles insert into it?
The Palatine Aponeurosis (Tendinous sheet) into which the Tensor and Levator Veli Palatini Muscles insert.
What nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Mandibular Nerve (V3 of CN V)
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Pharyngotympanic (Auditory) Tube.
What type of papillae are found at the location indicated by the white arrow?
Fungiform Papillae
What roles do the muscles of the soft palate perform?
Tensor: Stiffen the soft palate
Levator Veli Palatini: Elevate the soft palate to prevent the movement of food into the nasopharynx during swallowing.
What forms the inferior border of the nasal cavity?
The Hard and Soft Palate
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Tensor Veli Palatini, which tenses the soft palate.
What type of papillae are found at the location indicated by the white arrow?
Filiform Papillae.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Levator Veli Palatini, which elevates the soft palate.
What bones make up the Vault of the skull?
1. Frontal Bone
2. Parietal Bones (separated by Sagittal Suture).
3. Occipital Bone (singular)
4. Temporal Bones
5. Sphenoid Bone.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Palatopharyngeus Muscle.
Which type of papillae contain taste receptors?
Foliate, Fungiform, and Vallate Papillae.

Filiform Papillae are mechanoreceptive only.
What defines the posterior border of the Nasal Cavity?
The Nasopharynx
What is the structure indicated by the white arrow?
The Frenulum
What veins are indicated by the yellow arrow?
The Pterygoid Plexus of veins.
What structures lie lateral to the Frenulum, overlying the sublingual gland?
The Sublingual Folds
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Superior Concha of the ethmoid bone.
What gland is indicated by the white arrow?
The Sublingual Gland.
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Orbicularis Oris
On which sublingual structures do the Submandibular Ducts appear?
The Sublingual Caruncles (or Papilla).
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Middle Concha of the Ethmoid Bone.
What duct is indicated by the white arrow?

Where does it open?
The Submandibular Duct.

It opens on the Sublingual Papilla (Caruncle)
What is the artery indicated by the white arrow?
The Maxillary Artery
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lingual Nerve.
What bone is indicated by the white arrow?
The Inferior Concha (a distinct bone, not part of the Ethmoid)
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lingual Nerve
What structure (joint) is indicated by the red arrow?
The Coronal Suture
What nerve carries general sensory information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
The Lingual Nerve (from V3)
How do the Conchae control air flow in the nasal cavity?
They direct air flow to ensure contact with the largest surface of cilia and maintain temperature and humidity within the respiratory tract.
What nerve carries taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
The Chorda Tympani (from CN VII) steals the fibres from the Lingual Nerve.
What part of the mandible is indicated by the red arrow?
What is indicated by the blue arrow?
Red: Ramus
Blue: Body
What nerve carries taste and general sensory innervation for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
What is the name of the space inferior to the Superior Concha?
The Superior Meatus
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?

What action does it perform?
Levator Anguli Oris

Elevates the angle (corner) of mouth.
What is the name of the space inferior to the Middle Concha?

What structures are found in it?
The Middle Meatus.

The Bulla Ethmoidalis and the Hiatus Semilunaris
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
What is the ridge indicated by the blue arrow?
The Symphysis Menti
What artery is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lingual Artery, off of the external carotid.
What is the space inferior to the Inferior Concha?

What duct opens into this space?
The Inferior Meatus

The Nasolacrimal Duct opens into this meatus.
What vein does the blood from the tongue drain into?
The Internal Jugular Vein
(through the Dorsal and Deep Lingual Veins)
What structure (joint) is indicated by the red arrow?
The Lambdoid Suture
What nerve carries somatic motor innervation to the tongue?
The Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
What structure on the Nasal Septum is indicated by the white arrow?
The Septal Cartilage
What section of the roof of the mouth is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hard Palate.
What portion of the Mandible is spanned (roughly) by the red arrows?
The Body
What section of the roof of the mouth is indicated by the white arrow?
The Soft Palate.
What structure on the Nasal Septum is indicated by the white arrow?
The Perpendicular Plate of the Ethmoid
What structure of the mouth is indicated by the white arrow?
The Uvula
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?

What action does it perform?
Levator Labii Superioris

Elevates the upper lip.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Palatoglossus Muscle.
What structure on the Nasal Septum is indicated by the white arrow?
The Vomer
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Palatopharyngeus Muscle, forming the structure of the palatopharyngeal arch.
What portion of the Ramus is indicated by the red arrow?

What is its function?
The Coronoid Process.

It provides attachment for the Temporalis Muscle.
What structures are indicated by the white arrows?
The Palatine Tonsils
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Frontal Sinus
What surface is indicated by the white arrow?
The Posterior Wall of the Oropharynx.
What bone is indicated by the red arrow?
A Parietal Bone (paired, separated by the sagittal suture)
Which extrinsic tongue muscle is innervated by the Vagus Nerve (CN X)?
The Palatoglossus
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Sphenoidal Sinus
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Genioglossus
What is the part of the Ramus indicated by the red arrow?

What are its two parts called?
What does it articulate with?
The Condylar Process.

It consists of a Head and Neck (seen in lower view). The Head articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint.
What tongue muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hyoglossus
What sinuses are indicated by the white arrows?
The Frontal Sinuses.
What tongue muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Styloglossus.
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?

What is it important?
The Buccinator muscle.

It forms the muscular component of the cheek and is used when forcefully expelling air expanding the cheeks.
What muscles are indicated by the white arrows?
The Genioglossus Muscles.
What sinuses are indicated by the white arrows?
The Maxillary Sinuses
What movements do the Genioglossus Muscles control?
The Genioglossus Muscles depress and protrude the tongue.
What is the feature indicated by the red arrow called?
The Mandibular Notch
What tongue muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hyoglossus
What sinuses are indicated by the white arrows?
The Ethmoidal Sinuses (or cells)
What action does the Hyoglossus perform?
The Hyoglossus and the Styloglossus both retract the tongue.
The Hyoglossus also pulls down the sides of the tongue.
What bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Frontal Bone
What muscle is indicated by the white arrows?
The Mylohyoid Muscle
Where is the Mandibular Fossa of the temporal bone?
See the location of the red arrow.
What tongue muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Styloglossus.
What gland is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Parotid Salivary Gland
What feature of the Temporal Bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Articular Eminence (or tubercle).
What nerve innervates the Styloglossus?
The Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
What bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Occipital Bone
What is the action of the Styloglossus?
Both the Styloglossus and the Hyoglossus retract the tongue.
What muscle is indicated in this diagram?

What is it's primary function
The Masseter Muscle

It elevates the Mandible.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Mylohyoid Muscle
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Masseter muscle
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Geniohyoid Muscle.
What muscle is shown in this diagram?

Where does it form attachment?
The Temporalis Muscle

Superiorly on the Temporal Fossa; inferiorly on the Coronoid Process of the Mandible.
What muscles form the floor of the mouth?
The Mylohyoid and Geniohyoid muscles.
What bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Sphenoid Bone (the greater wing of the bone is shown, more to see on interior of skull).
What actions do the Mylohyoid and Geniohyoid muscles perform?
They contribute to elevating the hyoid bone (and therefore the larynx) during swallowing or depressing the Mandible, depending on the tone of the strap muscles.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?

Where does it attach?
The Medial Pterygoid Muscle

The deep head attaches to the medial surface of the lateral plate of the pterygoid process.
The superficial head originates from the tuberosity of the maxilla.
The two heads join to attach to the roughened medial surface of the ramus of the mandible (near the angle of the mandible).
Both deep and superficial heads attach to the adjacent pyramidal process of the palatine bone.
What artery is indicated by the blue arrow?
The External Carotid artery.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrows?

What action does it perform on the mandible?
The Lateral Pterygoid Muscle.

The two heads act together to protrude the jaw. When the right and left act independently, they can produce a side to side movement of the jaw.
What bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Temporal Bone (Squamous part).
What artery is indicated by the white arrow?

What is it a branch of?
Inferior Alveolar artery.

A branch of the Maxillary Artery.
What is the foramen indicated by the red arrow?

What Cranial Nerve passes through it?
The Stylomastoid Foramen

The Facial Nerve (CN VII).
What artery is indicated by the white arrow?

What is it a branch of?
The Middle Meningeal Artery.

A branch of the Maxillary Artery.
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The Maxilla
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?

What is it a branch of?
The Buccal Nerve

A branch of the Mandibular Nerve (V3)
What branch of the Facial Nerve is indicated by the blue arrow?

What muscles does it innervate?
The Temporal branch

Frontalis and Orbicularis Oculi.
What is the primary function of the Buccal Nerve?
It is predominantly a sensory division of V3, but may also carry motor innervation to the lateral pterygoid muscle.
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The Zygomatic Bone
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?

What does it innervate?
The Lingual Nerve, a branch off of V3.

It carries general and special sensory fibres from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
It carries the sensation to the Chorda tympani (From CN VII)
What branches of the Facial Nerve are indicated by the blue arrow?

What muscles do they innervate?
The Zygomatic Branches.

Orbicularis Oculi
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Auriculotemporal Nerve, a branch off of the Mandibular Nerve (V3).
What is the structure (i.e. part of a bone) indicated by the red arrow?
The Zygomatic Arch (or process) of the Temporal Bone
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?

What foramen does it enter?
The Inferior Alveolar Nerve, a branch off of the posterior Mandibular (V3).

It enters the Mandibular Foramen.
What branches of the Facial Nerve are indicated by the blue arrow?

What muscles do they innervate?
The Buccal Branches

The Buccinator and Levators Anguli Oris
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lingual Nerve, a sensory branch off of the posterior Mandibular Nerve (V3).
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The Nasal Bone
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Auriculotemporal Nerve, a sensory branch of the Mandibular Nerve (V3).
What branches of the Facial Nerve are indicated by the blue arrow?

What muscles do they innervate?
The Marginal Mandibular Branches

Depressors of lower lip
What is the foramen indicated by the red arrow? What nerve does it carry?
The Mental Foramen.
It carries the V3 branch of Cranial Nerve V (the Mental Nerve).
What branches of the Facial Nerve are indicated by the blue arrow?

What muscles do they innervate?
The Cervical Branches

The Platysma (a muscle of facial expression that extends past the clavicle)
What are the foramen indicated by the white arrows?

What do they carry?
The Supraorbital Foramen, or notches.
Carry the V1 branch of CN V, the Supraorbital Nerve (and the associated vessels).
What branche of the Facial Nerve is indicated by the blue arrows?

What muscles does it innervate?
The Postererior Auricular nerve

The Occipitalis.
What are the foramen indicated by the white arrows?

What do they carry?
Infra-Orbital Foramen.

Carry the Infra-Orbital Nerve and vessels (V2 branch of CN V)
What is the protuberance (process) indicated by the red arrow?
The Mastoid Process (of the Temporal Bone)
What structure is indicated by the blue arrow?

What muscle does it pierce?
The Parotid Duct.

It crosses the Masseter muscle and pierces the Buccinator muscle.
What are the foramen indicated by the red arrows?

What do they carry?
The Mental Foramen.

Carry the Mental Nerve and vessels (V3 of CN V)
What is the vessel indicated by the yellow arrow?

What does it branch from?
The Facial Vein.

The Internal Jugular Vein.
What bones are indicated by the red arrows?
Zygomatic Bones
What is the vessel indicated by the yellow arrow?

What muscle on the neck can it be seen to pass over?
The External Jugular Vein.

The Sternocleidomastoid muscle.
What is the juncture (suture) indicated by the dashed circle (by the white arrow)?

What bones does it border?
Why is it important clinically?
The Pterion

The Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Sphenoid Bones.

It is important because it is known as the weakest point of the skull
What vessel is indicated by the yellow arrows?
The Facial Artery.
What is the juncture (suture) indicated by the white arrow?
The Lambda.
What artery is indicated by the yellow arrows?

What is it a terminal branch of?
The Superficial Temporal Artery.

The External Carotid Artery.
What is the juncture (suture) indicated by the white arrow?
The Bregma
What artery is indicated by the yellow arrows?
The External Carotid Artery.
What is the suture indicated by the white arrow?
The Sagittal Suture
What bones make up the framework of each orbit?
There are seven:
1. Maxilla; 2. Zygomatic; 3. Frontal; 4. Lacrimal; 5. Sphenoid; 6. Ethmoid; 7. Palatine.
What is this joint called?
This is the Temporomandibular Joint.
A. Mouth closed
B. Mouth open
What portion of the Mandible is spanned (roughly) by the red arrows?
The Body
What portion of the Ramus is indicated by the red arrow?

What is its function?
The Coronoid Process.

It provides attachment for the Temporalis Muscle.
What is the part of the Ramus indicated by the red arrow?

What are its two parts called?
What does it articulate with?
The Condylar Process.

It consists of a Head and Neck (seen in lower view). The Head articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint.
What is the feature indicated by the red arrow called?
The Mandibular Notch
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The Sphenoid Bone
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The Occipital Bone
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The Temporal Bone (one on each side)
What is the protuberance (process) indicated by the red arrow?
The Mastoid Process (of the Temporal Bone)
What is the canal indicated by the red arrow called?
The External Auditory Meatus (or canal)
What is the big hole indicated by the red arrow called?

What goes through that foramen?
The Foramen Magnum

The spinal cord, vertebral arteries and CN XI
CN XI is the Accessory Nerve.
What is the hole indicated by the red arrow called?

What goes through it?
The Jugular Foramen.

The Internal Jugular Vein and CN IX, X, and XI.
What is the hole indicated by the red arrow?

What does it carry?
The Carotid Canal.

The Internal Carotid Artery and it's Sympathetics.
What is the hole indicated by the red arrow?

What travels through it?
The Foramen Spinosum.

The Middle Meningeal Artery (a branch of the Maxillary Artery, itself off of the External Carotid).
What is the hole indicated by the red arrow?

What travels through it?
The Foramen Ovale

Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) and lesser petrosal nerve of CN IX
What is the name of the bone indicated by the red arrow? What is this "plate?"
This is the Orbital Plate (or part) of the Frontal Bone.
What is the name of the bone indicated by the red arrow? What is this "plate?"
The Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid Bone.
What are the little holes located on the plate indicated by the red arrow?
Those are the Olfactory Foramina in the Cribriform Plate, for Olfactory Nerves (CN I).
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The (body of the) Sphenoid Bone
What is the feature of the Sphenoid indicated by the red arrow?
The Tuberculum Sellae of the Sella Turcica (Turkish Saddle).
What is the feature of the Sphenoid indicated by the red arrow?
The Hypophyseal Fossa, containing the pituitary gland (hypophysis).
What is the feature of the Sphenoid indicated by the red arrow?
The Dorsum Sellae.
What part of the Temporal Bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Petrous part of the Temporal Bone.

It is a pyramidal section of the bone wedged in between the sphenoid and occipital bones.
What part of the Temporal Bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Squamous Part of the Temporal Bone.
What foramen is located at the point indicated by the red arrow?

What does it contain?
The Optic Canal.

It contains the Optic Nerve (CN II) and the Ophthalmic Artery (a branch of the Internal Carotid that supplies blood to all the structures in the orbit).
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
The Superior Orbital Fissure.

CNs III, IV, VI and branches of the ophthalmic division (V1) of CN V.
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
The Foramen Rotundum

The Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
The Foramen Ovale

Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) and lesser petrosal nerve of CN IX.
(The source of pre-ganglionic parasympathetics that synapse within the otic ganglion, post ganglionics are carried by the auriculotemporal nerve, part of CNV3, to the parotid gland) -TMI
What is the structure indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
The Foramen Spinosum.

The Middle Meningeal Artery.
What feature of the mandible is indicated by the red arrow?
The Angle
What structure is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
The opening of the Carotid Canal (or Groove)

The Internal Carotid Artery and sympathetics.
What are the borders of the Anterior Triangle of the neck?
Posteriorly: the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Superiorly: the inferior border of the Mandible.
Anteriorly, the anterior midline of the neck.
What is the bone indicated by the red arrow?
The (body of) the Sphenoid Bone.
What are the boundaries of the Posterior Triangle of the neck?
Anteriorly: the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Posteriorly: the superior fibres of the Trapezius muscle.
Inferiorly: the medial half of the clavicle.
What bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Occipital Bone
Identify the location of the Symphysis Menti.
It is the medial ridge above the mental protuberance, indicated by the white arrow.
What part of the Temporal Bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Petrous Part of the Temporal Bone.
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Spinal Accessory Nerve (Cranial Nerve XI)
What part of the Temporal Bone is indicated by the red arrow?
The Mastoid Part of the Temporal Bone.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Scalenus Anterior (or Anterior Scalene) muscle
What part of the Occipital Bone is indicated by the red arrows?
The Cerebellar Fossae
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Scalenus Medius (or Middle Scalene) Muscle
What foramen is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
The Internal Acoustic Meatus.

CN VII and VIII
What is the function of the scalenus (scalene) muscles?
They assist with flexion and lateral flexion of the neck.
What foramen is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
Jugular Foramen

CN IX, X and XI, and Internal Jugular Vein
Describe the innervation of the scalenus muscles.
They are innervated by anterior rami of cervical spinal nerves.
What foramen is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
The Foramen Magnum

The Spinal Cord, Vertebral Arteries, and Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
What nerves are indicated by the white arrow?
The Roots of the Brachial Plexus
What foramen is indicated by the red arrow?

What passes through it?
Hypoglossal Canal

CN XII
What is the artery indicated by the white arrow?
The Subclavian Artery
What feature of a vertebra is indicated by the red arrow?
Vertebral Body
What is the vein indicated by the white arrow?
The Subclavian Vein
What feature of a vertebra is indicated by the red arrow?
Spinous Process
What muscles in the neck does the Subclavian Artery pass between?
It passes laterally between the Anterior and Middle Scalene Muscles (Scaleni Anterior and Medius)
What feature of a vertebra is indicated by the red arrow?
Transverse Process
What bones does the Subclavian Vein pass by?
It passes posteriorly to the Clavicle, and anteriorly to the First Rib (and the Anterior Scalene muscle).
What feature of a vertebra is indicated by the red arrows?
The Transverse Process
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Phrenic Nerve
What feature of a vertebra is indicated by the red arrow?
The Foramen Transversarium
What is the source of the Phrenic Nerve?
It arises from the 3rd, 4th and 5th cervical spinal nerves.
What is the name of the specially-shaped vertebra indicated by the red arrows?

What is a unique feature of this vertebra?
The Atlas Vertebra (C1)

It doesn't have a vertebral body.
What does the Phrenic Nerve innervate?
It supplies motor fibres to the diaphragm.
What is the name of the specially-shaped vertebra indicated by the red arrows?

What is a unique feature of this vertebra?
The Atlas Vertebra (C1)

It doesn't have a vertebral body.
What is the artery indicated by the white arrow?
The Common Carotid Artery
What is the name of the vertebra indicated by the red arrow?

What special joint does it form with its neighbour?
The Axis Vertebra (C2)

The Atlanto-Axial Joint
What is the artery indicated by the white arrow?
The External Carotid Artery.
What is the name of the joint indicated by the red arrow?
The Atlanto-Occipital Joint.
What is the artery indicated by the white arrow?
The Internal Carotid Artery.
What feature of the mandible is indicated by the red arrow?
The Angle
What are the contents of the Carotid Sheath?
The Carotid Arteries
The Internal Jugular Vein
The Vagus Nerve (CN X)
What vessel is indicated by the white arrow?
The Internal Jugular Vein
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Vagus Nerve (CN X)
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Sternocleidomastoid
What are the subdivisions of the Anterior Triangle of the neck?
The Carotid Triangle
The Submandibular Triangle
(and the submental and muscular triangles)
What subdivision of the Anterior Triangle of the neck is indicated by the white arrow?
The Carotid Triangle
What subdivision of the Anterior Triangle of the neck is indicated by the white arrow?
The Submandibular Triangle
What are the borders of the Submandibular Triangle?
Superiorly: the inferior border of the mandible.
Inferiorly: the anterior and posterior bellies of the Digastric Muscle.
What are the borders of the Carotid Triangle?
Anteroinferiorly: the superior belly of the Omohyoid Muscle.
Superiorly: the Stylohyoid Muscle and the posterior belly of the Digastric Muscle.
Posteriorly: the anterior border of the Sternocleidomastoid.
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?
The posterior belly of the Digastric Muscle
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The superior belly of the Omohyoid Muscle
What vessel is indicated by the white arrow?
The Superior Thyroid Artery.
What structure is indicated by the white arrow?
The Thyroid Gland.
What artery is indicated by the white arrow?
The Lingual Artery
What course does the Lingual Artery characteristically take by the Hyoid Bone?
The Lingual Artery often has a characteristic upward bend just above the greater horn of the Hyoid Bone.
What artery is indicated by the white arrow?
The Facial Artery.
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
What does the Hypoglossal Nerve innervate?
The Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) provides motor innervation to the tongue muscles.
What nerve is indicated by the white arrow?
The Internal Laryngeal Nerve,
a branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve, off the Vagus (CN X).
What does the Internal Laryngeal Nerve innervate?
The Internal Laryngeal Nerve provides sensory and parasympathetic fibres to the mucous membrane of the larynx above the level of the vocal cords.
What gland are indicated by the white arrows?
The Parathyroid Glands
What structure is indicated by the white arrows?
The Thyroid Gland
What nerves are indicated by the white arrows?
The right and left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves.
Why are the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves important to remember for Thyroidectomies?
They need to be protected during surgery to prevent paralysis of the vocal cords.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Sternohyoid Muscle.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrow?
The Sternothyroid Muscle
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrow?
The Thyrohyoid Muscle
What feature of the Thyroid is indicated by the white arrows?
The Lateral Lobes.
What feature of the Thyroid is indicated by the white arrow?
The Isthmus
What feature is immediately posterior to the Isthmus of the Thyroid Gland?
The 2nd-4th Tracheal Rings.
What vessels are indicated by the white arrows?
Superior Thyroid Arteries
What vessels are indicated by the white arrows?
Inferior Thyroid Arteries
What does the Inferior Thyroid Artery branch from?
It is a major branch of the Thyrocervical Trunk, off of the Subclavian Artery.
Describe the course of the right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve.
It branches from the Vagus Nerve, wraps around the Subclavian Artery, and re-ascends to its sites of innervation up to the larynx.
Describe the course of the left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve.
It branches from the Vagus Nerve, wraps around the Arch of the Aorta, and re-ascends to its sites of innervation up to the larynx.
What muscle is indicated by the white arrows?
The Anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle
What muscle is indicated by the white arrows?
The Posterior Belly of the Digastric Muscle.
What structure is indicated by the white arrows?
The Superficial Part of the Submandibular Gland
What muscle is indicated by the blue arrows?
The Mylohyoid Muscle