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D - description

Systematic observations that can be quantified and classified. Not casual explanations.

Example: number of praise statements made by teachers in a classroom.

P - prediction (Correlation; covariation)

Two events may regularly occur at the same time. This does not necessarily mean one causes the other.

Example: when the weather is hot, there are more drowning deaths. This is a correlation, but we cannot assume hot weather causes drowning deaths.

C - control (Causation)

Functional relation. The highest level of scientific understanding. Experimental Demonstration that manipulating one event results in another event.

Penicillin cures bacterial infections.