Forestry Final

Front 1

Disease: definition?

Back 1

A malfunction of a METABOLIC process, or disturbance of NORMAL STRUCTURE, that is caused by some biotic or abiotic agent

Front 2

Characteristics of ABIOTIC disease agents?

Back 2

NON LIVING
NON PARASITIC
NON INFECTIOUS

Front 3

Examples of abiotic disease agents?

Back 3

moisture & temp extremes
-nutrient excess, deficiency
-pollution
-hail, wind, snow, ice damage
-lightning

Front 4

Characteristics of BIOTIC disease agents?

Back 4

living, infectious and /or parasitic

Front 5

Major cause of BIOTIC disease?

Back 5

FUNGI

responsible for:
56% growth loss
28% mortality

Front 6

Main examples of BIOTIC disease agents?

Back 6

fungus. bacteria, viruses, parasitic higher plants, nematodes

Front 7

Characteristic of Fungal diseases?

Back 7

-non green plants
-mutualistic, saprophytic or parasitic
-regenerate using spores (usually asexually produced, single celled)
-have HYPHAE (filamentous bacteria)

Front 8

Term for mass of HYPHAE (filamentous branching fungi).

Back 8

MYCELIUM

Front 9

Major cause of growth loss damage (specifically)?

Back 9

Heart Rot Fungi

accounts for 70%
*causes rot and cell wall decay as fungi break down heartwood for food.

Front 10

Heart Rot fungi lifecycle

Back 10

point of entry
-germination
-enzymes
-maturity
-fruiting structures (mushroom, concs, cankers,
-spore
-back to point of entry

Front 11

A ________ expands in all directions from the fungus' point of entry forming a flat expansion

Back 11

canker

Front 12

release cut

Back 12

a cut that frees desirable young trees (NOT PAST THE SAPLING STAGE) from competing undesirable vegetation that threatens to suppress them.

Front 13

Girdling ?

Back 13

kills trees bycutting off xylem and phloem
-use 2 cuts because soemtimes regrows/heals.
-"quick and dirty" but may require follow up.

Front 14

Improvement cut

Back 14

a cut made in stands PAST the sapling stage for the purpose of improving the SPECIES COMPOSITION and QUALITY of the remaining trees.

Front 15

pruning

Back 15

the act of CONTROLLING BRANCH FORMATION to reduce knots, improve crown form or tree health, safety or aesthetics

Front 16

steps in natural pruning (3)

Back 16

1. low branches die back due to lack of sunlight
2.HARDWOOD branches decay or fall of
3. healing over wound (clearwood)

Front 17

clearwood

Back 17

defect free wood

Front 18

artificial pruning

Back 18

removal of branches by saw, hand pruner/pruning shears or loppers.

Front 19

proper pruning hints...where to cut

Back 19

cut above (but near) branch collar, protect branch collar to prevent fungal infection...a chemical protective barrier forms at branch collar.

DO NOT:
-make flush cuts
-cause bark ripping

Front 20

best to prune in which season?

Back 20

winter

Front 21

pruing: what portion should be left in living crown?

Back 21

2/3 of tree height

Front 22

maximum crown removal in one cutting?

Back 22

1/4

Front 23

best to prune when branches are _____in diameter

Back 23

<1.5 inches

Front 24

For sawlog & veneer production prune at what stage?

Back 24

POLE stage
Remember:
1st cut @ 9 ft (for 8 ft boards)
2nd cut at 17 ft (for 16 ft logs)

Front 25

Silivicultural Protection

Back 25

Manipulating forest vegetation to enhance its ability to protect itself from natural damaging agents (insects, wind, disease, fire animals, etc.)

Front 26

Methods of silivicultural protection

Back 26

-pruning (fire doesn't reach canopy)
-thinning
-sanitation cut (cut out sick trees)
-species & age diversity
-slash removal (Fire hazard)
-firebreaks

Front 27

in cubic feets:
total annual US forest growth
Annual mortality
annual removal/harvest

Back 27

growth: 34.5 billion
mortality: 7.8 billion (1/3 of loss)
harvest:15.5 billion (2/3 of loss)

Front 28

Biggest killer of forests?

Back 28

Insects

Front 29

Endemic population (insects)

Back 29

Natural low populations of native insect species in an area; equilibrium numbers

Front 30

Outbreak (insects)

Back 30

When population numbers increase dramatically in a short time

Front 31

biggest forest growth inhibitor (kingdom)?

Back 31

fungi

Front 32

Epidemic population (insects)

Back 32

when population numbers exceed its general equilibrium and significant economic loss occurs

Front 33

Reproductive potential (insects)

Back 33

Maximum ability of an insect to multiply in the absence of any controls
Eg. pine bark beetle. 1 feamle lays 50 eggs--->25 females---->they lay 625 eggs, etc down the generations

Front 34

Environmental resistance
(insects)

Back 34

controlling factors present in the environment keeping the insect population from reaching its reproductive potential

Front 35

Examples of environmental resistance to insect populations?

Back 35

Abiotic: Temp, moisture
Biotic: Disease, predators, parasites, competition, tree vigor, food supply

Front 36

Insects that undeergo complete metamorphosis? (egg, larva, pupa, adult)

Back 36

beetles, butterflies, moths, wasps, flies

Front 37

Insects thaqt undergo gradual metamorphosis? (egg, nymph adult)

Back 37

scale insects, aphids, bugs termites

Front 38

Insect that accounts for 90% of insect tree mortality?

Back 38

BARK BEETLES
*they also account for 60% of growth loss by insects

Front 39

examples of defoliaters?

Back 39

Birch leaf miner
gypsy moth (invasive)
forest tent caterpillar
Eastern tent caterpillar
sawfly (major problem- kills trees)

Front 40

examples of bark beetles?

Back 40

Emerald ash borer!! Invading here!

Front 41

example of sucking insects?

Back 41

aphids

Front 42

example of wood borer insect?

Back 42

Asian long horned beetle
INVASIVE

Front 43

example of shoot feeder insect?

Back 43

White Pine Weevil
(feed on terminal growth)

Front 44

Root feeding insects?

Back 44

Oak root borer
White grubs (june bugs)

Front 45

IPM ...integrated pest management

Back 45

A strategy to control pests based on an understanding of their biology that combine SILVICULTURAL, BIOLOGICAL & CHEMICAL treatments in proper sequence and timing to contribute to sustainable management goals for the forest.
(all but natural controls)

Front 46

what settings are chemical controls more commonly used?

Back 46

urban

Front 47

flat mushrooms that grow on trees (like the one on my stump)?

Back 47

conks

Front 48

CODIT - compartmentalization of decay in trees
4 walls?

Back 48

1- plug above and below (weakest)
2.growth ring interior to wound stops inward spread (2nd weakest)
3- ray cells (most effective at time of wounding)
4- new growth rings- MOST effective

Front 49

examples of fungal diseases?

Back 49

white pine blister rust
oak wilt
black knot
gall rust fungus

Front 50

burl

Back 50

is a tree growth in which the grain has grown in a deformed manner. It is commonly found in the form of a rounded outgrowth on a tree trunk or branch that is filled with small knots from dormant buds. A burl results from a tree undergoing some form of stress. not microbial/fungal

Front 51

allelopathic chemicals?

Back 51

like the Mustard that kills the microrhizal fungi, and therefor kills other plants

Front 52

wildfire definition

Back 52

Any nonstructural fire, other than a prescribed fire, occurring on wild land

Front 53

peak in US wildfires?

Back 53

great depression (over 50 mill acres/yr)
2010- down to 3.2 million.
then used WWII Technology to fight fires

Front 54

biggest cause of wildfires in US?

Back 54

# of fires: ARSON , then debris burning
Acres burnt :lightning (out in the middle of the woods-->harder to get to), then arson

Front 55

worst US fire ever?

Back 55

Peshtigo WI

Front 56

biggest causes of WI wildfires?

Back 56

debris burning, then equipment fires

Front 57

about 70% of wildfires occur in what 2 months?

Back 57

April & May

Front 58

3 vertices of fire triangle?

Back 58

oxygen, fuel and heat

Front 59

3 factor that influence fires

Back 59

FUEL dry or moist, fine or heavy
WEATHER precip, humidity, wind temp
TOPOGRAPHY hills, valleys, aspect, elevation

Front 60

name for fire in ground?

Back 60

peat fire / ground fire

Front 61

most common type of fire?

Back 61

Surface fire
not crown fire

Front 62

name for a fire ignited outside the perimeter of the main fire (by a fireband, spark, ember)?

Back 62

SPOT FIRE
can cause entrapment of fire fighters

Front 63

Controlled/prescribed burn

Back 63

MANAGEMENT TOOL
-to reduce wildfire hazard, prep site for regeneration or help control disease or insects

Front 64

required after prescribed burn....

Back 64

MOP UP time

Front 65

before a prescribed burn....

Back 65

test burn

Front 66

fire dependent tree species?

Back 66

jack pine

Front 67

Multiple use

Back 67

Managing land for many simultaneous uses

- Application of the concept seeks the Application of the concept seeks the best best
combination combination of uses and coordinated of uses and coordinated
management management without impairment without impairment of the of the
productivity of the land, while meeting the
landowner’s present and future landowner’s present and future needs needs..

Front 68

uses that may need to be managed simultaneously:

Back 68

-- recreation recreation
-- watershed watershed protection protection
-- timber timber
-- minerals minerals
-- range range
-- aesthetics aesthetics
-- scientific investigation scientific investigation
-- historic preservation historic preservation
-- and and wildlife habita

Front 69

define forest management

Back 69

The use of forestry and other
relevant information to relevant information to plan plan and and
apply a program, based on the
concepts of sustainability, to best
meet the landowner’s desired
objectives objectives.

Front 70

define management plan

Back 70

A written plan written plan for the operation of a forest for the operation of a forest property using property using forestry principles forestry principles to provide to provide optimum optimum use of the available use of the available resources resources.

* only about %5 of forest owner have one, but 20% use professional assistance prior to a harvest

Front 71

forest management plan should include:

Back 71

-- Objectives and constraints
-- Maps
-- Managemen History
-- Silvicultural plan
-- Inventory data
-- Marketing
-- Financial records
-- Multiple use plan
-- Harvesting plan
-- Protection plan

Front 72

define harvesting/ logging

Back 72

process of process of cutting cutting and and hauling hauling
rough rough forest products from forest products from stump stump
to point of to point of processing processing.

Front 73

logger?

Back 73

An occupation that An occupation that cuts/fells cuts/fells trees trees
to be transported to a mill for
further processing into final
consumer products.
-- a logger is a logger is not a foreste

Front 74

logging plan

Back 74

-- Part of the overall management plan
-- Includes::
-- Inventory results Inventory results -- Is the stand ready to Is the stand ready to
harvest?
-- Silvicultural Silvicultural system to be used system to be used
-- Location of harvest and map Location of harvest and map
-- Road system Road system
-- Markets Markets
-- Labor and equipment Labor and equipment
-- Sell Sell stumpage stumpage (standing trees to logger

Front 75

year/ person who developed the 1st chainsaw?

Back 75

Andreas Stihl -1926 (Germany)

Front 76

Personal Protection Eqipment (t prevent injury from chainsaw kickback)

Back 76

1. Hard Hat
2. Eye Protection
3. Hearing Protection
4. Chain Saw Chaps/Pants
5. Chain Saw Protective Footwear
6. Hand Protection
7. First Aid Ki

Front 77

stumpage

Back 77

standing trees

Front 78

Chainsaw fatalities and injuries are largely due to....

Back 78

Fatalities::
-- About 90 About 90% due to falling trees or % due to falling trees or
branches branches..
Injuries::
-- 85% due to 85% due to kickback kickback.

Front 79

base cutting coonsiderations

Back 79

cut 70-90 degree notch
leave flange of wood so gthat the tree falls predictably

Front 80

cable yarding

Back 80

uses zip line to transport lumber

hot air balloons and helicopters are also sometimes used

Front 81

forest measurement

Back 81

The The measurement measurement of forest of forest
resources.
1.1. Land Land Characteristics Characteristics
2. 2. Individual Tree Individual Tree Characteristics Characteristics
3. 3. Forest Stand Forest Stand Characteristics Characteristic

Front 82

surveying (land)

Back 82

-- The process of finding and The process of finding and
representing the contours,
measurements, and position
of a part of the earth’s surface

Front 83

azimuth

Back 83

an angular measurement in a spherical coordinate system.
in degrees

Front 84

Bearing (3 parts)

Back 84

1. N (north) or S (south)
2. 0 degrees
–– 90 degrees from due N or S
3. E (east) or W (west) of due north or
sout

Front 85

GPS

Back 85

-- A technology that A technology that pinpoints a user’s location pinpoints a user’s location
anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day, regardless
of weather.
-- Designed by the Designed by the U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of Defense..
-- Consists of a constellation of Consists of a constellation of 24 satellites 24 satellites orbiting orbiting
some 12,000 miles above the earth.
-- Needs to acquire good signals from Needs to acquire good signals from at least 3 at least 3
satellites satellites to determine a position ( 4 for elevatio to determine a position ( 4 for elevation or n or
altitude)

Front 86

Metes and Bounds Syste

Back 86

-- Used for the original thirteen colonies
and Texas.
-- Canuse physical features physical features in parcel
description ( ex. rocks, trees, rivers)

Front 87

rectangular system

Back 87

-- Began being used in 1785 (under Pres.Thomas Jefferson).
-- Uses a coordinate grid system to identify
each 6 mile by 6 mile townships over an over an
entire State.
-- Each State established axes for their grid Each State established axes for their grid
system

Front 88

forest cover type map

Back 88

-- Forest Forest stand information stand information
-- Examples: species, volume, basal area Examples: species, volume, basal area
-- Physical Physical features features
-- Examples: roads, fences, rivers Examples: roads, fences, river

Front 89

map which shows land ownership?

Back 89

plat book map

Front 90

remote sensing maps

Back 90

-- Aerial photographs Aerial photographs
-- Stereoscopic viewing Stereoscopic viewing
-- Thermal scanners Thermal scanners
-- Multi Multi--spectral scanner spectral scanner
-- Landsat Landsat Satellites Satellites
-- Radar Rada

Front 91

stereoscope

Back 91

used to view a map in 3D

Front 92

soils map

Back 92

-- Denotes areas of similar Denotes areas of similar soil types soil types..
-- Uses an aerial photo of the land as Uses an aerial photo of the land as
a a base map base map for soil type locations. for soil type locations

Front 93

DBH measurement tools?

Back 93

1. 1. Diameter Tape Diameter Tape -- units of 3.14159 inches units of 3.14159 inches
2. 2. Biltmore Stic

Front 94

clinometer

Back 94

triangulates height,

Front 95

to find merchantable height (tool)?

Back 95

Use: Merritt Hypsometer
(in log and ½ log units

Front 96

increment borer

Back 96

used to measure age

Front 97

CORD standard

Back 97

a stack of round or split wood
containing 128 cubic feet
-- Standard dimensions: Standard dimensions:
4 feet X 4 feet X 8 feet

Front 98

Face/Short/Fireplace/Stove Cord or Ric

Back 98

-- For firewood (no third standard dimension) For firewood (no third standard dimension)
44 feet X feet X 88 feet X feet X length of piece length of piec

Front 99

board foot

Back 99

-- a unit for measuring wood a unit for measuring wood
volume equaling 144 cubic inches, which is
commonly used to measure and express the
amount of wood in a tree, amount of wood in a tree, sawlog sawlog, veneer log, , veneer log,
or individual piece of lumber.
-- Standard dimensions: Standard dimensions:
1 foot X 1 foot X 1 inch

Front 100

To measure volume of a tree?

Back 100

use VOLUME TABLE

Front 101

Measuring characteristics on a portion portion
of the area to estimate what is present
on the on the entire entire area. area

Back 101

SAMPLING

Front 102

USDA Forest Service
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA

Back 102

Inventory includes::
-- 4.5 million remote sensing plots interpreted for land use
-- 125,000 permanent field plots systematically located
across all forest lands in the United States
-- 100 characteristics measured at each plot location
-- 1.5 million trees measured to evaluate volume,
condition, and vigor Wisconsin Forest Inventory (WDNR & USFS)::
-- Began 5--year annual inventory (some 5000 sample
plots) 2000.
--Previous inventories 1936, 1956, 1968, 1983, 1996, and
200

Front 103

wildlife damage

Back 103

mainly a problem due to over populations
controls: hunting, tree shelters (plastic trunk covers)

Front 104

animals that damage forests (trees) examples:

Back 104

deer
beaver
porcupines,
gray squirrels
bears
rabbits
mice turkeys
livestock!

Front 105

advantages of managed pasture over woodlot?

Back 105

31 X more protein
18 x more forage
woodlot: poisonous plants
soil erosion & compaction, eating branches and regeneration

Front 106

Main machinery incolved in fire suppression

Back 106

Dozer, plow rig


(they now have protective sprayer for operator

Front 107

3 stages of wildfire suppression

Back 107

prevention
pre-supression
supression

Front 108

wildfire prevention

Back 108

EDUCATION
burning permits
burning bans
spark arresters
closing areas from use

Front 109

wildfire pre suppression

Back 109

-ground patrol
-aerial detection
-public
fixed point - fire towers (2 points use triangulation)

Front 110

wildfire supression

Back 110

fighting the fire