Forensics- Ch. 7 Dna Fingerprinting

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DNA

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The genetic material in our cells

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deoxyribonucleic acid

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What does DNA stand for?

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DNA fingerprinting

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A technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals of the same species using only samples of their DNA

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DNA profiling

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Another name for DNA fingerprinting

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Jeffreys

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Scientist (last name) who invented the process of DNA fingerprinting

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medicine

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Most lab techniques used for DNA fingerprinting were not intended for forensic science purposes, they instead were designed to be used in what other field?

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trace evidence

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Small amounts of biological evidence left at crime scenes

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biological

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Saliva, blood, semen, skin, hair roots, body tissue cells, and even urine are examples of what kind of evidence?

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individual

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Term for evidence capable of identifying a specific person

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46

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Number of chromosomes in each human body cell

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23

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Number of chromosomes in each human sex cell (sperm or egg)

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gene

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A small segment of DNA that controls the traits of the organism, and therefore can vary between individuals

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thymine

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The base adenine binds only with what other nitrogenous base?

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guanine

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The base cytosine binds only with what other nitrogenous base?

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double helix

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The spiral staircase shape of DNA

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sugar phosphate

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The sides of the helix- referred to as the backbone of DNA- are made up of these two alternating molecules

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deoxyribose

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The type of sugar found in DNA

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nuclear DNA

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Term for DNA found in the chromosomes of the nucleus; it is inherited from both the mother and father, and is virtually identical in all cells of an individual's body

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mitochondrial DNA

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Term for DNA found in the 'Powerhouse' of the cell; is in the form of a circular loop and is inherited only from the mother

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genome

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Term for the total amount of DNA in a cell; it is contained in both the nucleus and mitochondria

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3 billion

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The human genome consists of approximately this many base pairs

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exons

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Regions of encoded DNA which contain directions for the body to build molecules

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introns

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Regions of un-encoded DNA that do not code for the production of molecules; often referred to as 'junk DNA'

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polymorphisms

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The non-coded DNA segments that contain unique patterns of repeated base sequences that that are unique to individuals

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Variable Numbers of Tandem Repeats

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Repeating DNA sequences that are 9 to 80 bases in length; abbreviated as VNTR

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Short Tandem Repeats

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Repeating DNA sequences that are 2 to5 bases in length; abbreviated as STR and usually preferred for DNA fingerprinting

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tissue matching

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Process of comparing DNA evidence from a crime scene with DNA taken from a suspect; two samples that have the same band pattern are from the same person

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inheritance matching

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Process of comparing family members' DNA for proof of familial relationships; each band in a child's DNA fingerprint must be present in at least one parent (50% from mom, 50% from dad)

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Polymerase Chain Reaction

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A technique that makes thousands of copies of segments of DNA that investigators want to analyze; abbreviated as PCR

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primers

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Short segments of complimentary DNA that base-pair with the template DNA upstream of the region of interest and serve as recruitment sites for the polymerase during PCR

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denaturation annealing extension

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Three processes which cycle continuously during PCR to to achieve exponential amplification of the target sequence, allowing for billions of DNA copies to be produced in just a few hours

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direct sunlight

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This should be avoided to protect collected DNA evidence from DNA damage

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restriction enzymes

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"Molecular scissors" that cut DNA at specific locations

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restriction fragment length polymorphisms

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Small DNA fragments of different lengths; abbreviated as RFLPs

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electrophoresis

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The process that separates RFLPs according to their length to create a DNA Fingerprint

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marker or standard

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DNA fragments of known lengths; used for comparison purposes during gel electrophoresis

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CODIS

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The United States' Electronic database of DNA profiles- give the abbreviation

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Combined DNA Index System

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What does CODIS stand for?