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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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RESPONSIBILITIES OF INVESTIGATORS
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1. DETERMINE WHETHER A CRIME HAS BEEN COMMITTED.
2. DECIDE IF THE CRIME WAS COMMITTED WITHIN THE INVESTIGATORS JURISDICTION. 3. DISCOVER ALL FACTS PERTAINING TO THE COMPLAINT. A. GATHER AND PRESERVE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE. B. DEVELOP AND FOLLOW UP ALL CLUES. 4. RECOVER STOLEN PROPERTY. 5. IDENTIFY THE PERPETRATOR OR ELIMINATE A SUSPECT AS THE PERPETRATOR. 6. LOCATE AND APPREHEND THE PERP. 7. AID IN THE PROSECUTION OF THE OFFENDER BY PROVIDING EVIDENCE OF GUILT THAT IS ADMISSIBLE IN COURT. 8. TESTIFY EFFECTIVELY AS A WITNESS IN COURT. |
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DETERMINE IF A CRIME HAS BEEN COMMITTED
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AN INVESTIGATOR SHOULD HAVE A COPY OF THE PENAL LAW AND CASE LAW OF THE STATE AND THE PROSECUTING ATTORNEY CAN BE CONSULTED.
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VERIFY JURISDICTION
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DECIDING WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE INVESTIGATION IN ORDER TO MAKE A GOOD ARREST.
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DISCOVER ALL FACTS AND COLLECT ALL EVIDENCE
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COLLECT ALL PHYSICAL EVIDENCE OR ARRANGE FOR its COLLECTION AND EXAMINATION IN THE CRIMINALISTICS LAB. FOLLOW THROUGH ON ANY CLUE THAT HOLDS PROMISE FOR THE ID OF THE PERPETRATOR. PREPARE FOR THE FACT THAT THE INFO DEVELOPED MAY BE TESTED IN COURT. AT FIRST OPPORTUNITY A SKETCH, PHOTOGRAPHS, AND NOTES OF THE CRIME SCENE SHOULD BE MADE. IF THE PERPS NAME IS REVIELED THEN THERE IS THE PROBLEM OF PROVING THE SUSPECTS INVOLVEMENT.
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RECOVER STOLEN PROPERTY
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RECOVERING ITEMS FROM SECOND HAND DEALERS AND PAWN SHOPS.
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IDENTIFYING THE PERP
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SOME SECOND HAND DEALERS AND PAWN SHOP EMPLOYEES MAY BE ABLE TO ID THE PERP THAT BROUGHT IN THE STOLEN ITEMS.
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MOTIVE AS MEANS OF ID
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THE VALUE OF MOTIVE MUST BE EXAMINED. SUCH AS ROBBERY, BURGLARY, AND RAPE SEEM TO HAVE A UNIVERSAL MOTIVE. WHILE HOMICIDE, ARSON, AND ASSAULT HAVE PARTICULARIZED MOTIVES BECAUSE THEY OFTEN RELATE VICTIM TO CRIMINAL.
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HOW CAN YOU AID THE PROSECUTION IN A COURT PROCEEDING
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MAKE SURE ALL NOTES, SKETCHES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS ARE MADE IN A TIMELY FASHION FROM THE VERY BEGINNING AND THAT ALL EVIDENCE PRESENT IS PROPERLY HANDLED AND EXAMINED.
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4 ITEMS OF CONCERN
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TESTIFY EFFECTIVELY
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TESTIMONY IS EFFECTIVE ONLY WHEN IT IS CREDIBLE. SINCERITY, KNOWLEDGE OF FACTS, AND IMPARTIALITY ARE PROJECTED, CREDIBILITY IS ESTABLISHED.
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ATTRIBUTES DESIRABLE IN AN INVESTIGATOR
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KNOW HOW TO RECOGNISE, COLLECT, AND PRESERVE PHYSICAL EVIDENCE. KNOW THE VARIETIES OF MODUS OPERANDI. KNOW HOW TO USE INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES. KNOW INTERROGATION METHODS. HAVE KNOWLEDGE OF LOCAL STREE JARGON. BE SENSITIVE OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF ALL. KNOW SOURCES OF RECORDS AND HOW TO CHECK THEM. KNOW HOW TO CULTIVATE AND USE INFORMANTS. KNOW HOW TO CONDUCT SURVEILLANCES. KNOW HOW TO CHECK PAWN SHOPS, AND SUCH. HAVE KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL IN ENGLISH. KNOW HOW TO USE DEPARTMENTAL AND COURT FORMS TO SECURE SEARCH WARRANTS. KNOW THE TECHNIQUES OF COVER AND CONCEALMENT. AQUIRE SKILL IN SILENT COMMUNICATION. AQUIRE A WORKING KNOWLEDGE OF APPLICABLE LAWNS, RULES AND REGULATIONS. KNOW ABOUT THE USE OF COME-ALOND HANDCUFF, AND SERVICE REVOLVER. KNOW SEARCH AND SEIZURE TECHNIQUES. KNOW HOW TO PREPARE CLEAR, COMPREHENSIVE REPORTS. KNOW HOW TO SERVE SUBPOENAS. KNOW HOW TO HAVE WITNESSES AVAILABLE. TESTIFY EFFECTIVELY IN COURT.
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FORENSICS DEFINED
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THE SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION OF EVIDENCE. TWO MAJOR BRANCHES ARE CRIMINALISTICS AND FORENSIC MEDICINE.
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CRIMINALISTICS
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THE RECORDING, SCIENTIFIC EXAMINATION, AND INTERPRETATION OF THE MINUTE DETAIL TO BE FOUND IN PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.
WET CHEMISTRY INSTRUMENTAL CHEMISTRY FIREARMS AND TOOLMARKS QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS FINGERPRINTS PHOTOGRAPHY LIE DETECTION VIOCE SPECTROSCOPY |
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FORENSIC MEDICINE
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PATHOLOGY
SEROLOGY TOXICOLOGY ODONTOLOGY PSYCHIATRY |
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Custody of Remains
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1. MEO/PD takes initial custody
2. Release to Human ID lab 3. Return to MEo |
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4 different types of crime scene search patterns
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Spiral Search, Grid Search, Strip or Line Search, Quadrant or Zone Search
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A bony mass on the skull, just behind the ears, for the attachment of neck muscles. Larger in males.
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Mastoid process
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A condition of stage in the physical being of matter
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Physical state
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A crack in a glass that forms a rough circle around the point of impact
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Concentric fracture
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A crack that extends outwards like the spoke of a wheel from the point at which the glass was struck
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Radial fracture
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A difference in the two indices of refraction exhibited by most crystalline materials
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Birefringence
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A draft representation of all essential information and measurements at a crime scene. This sketch is drawn at the crime scene
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Rough sketch
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A fingerprint made by the deposit of oils and/or perspiration; invisible to the naked eye
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Latent fingerprint
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A lens that provides continuous focusing, from infinity to extreme close ups, often to a reproduction ratio of 1:2 or 1:1 (half life size or life size
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macro lens
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A physical change from a solid direction into the gaseous state
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Sublimation
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A precise rendering of the crime scene, often drawn to scale
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Finished sketch
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A series of light and dark bands formed when X-Rays combine with one another; it is unique to a compound
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Diffraction pattern
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A solid in which the constituent atoms have a regular arrangement
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Crystalline solid
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A solid in which the constituent atoms or molecules are arranged in random or disordered positions. There is no regular order
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Amorphous solid
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A technique for the separation of molecules through their on a support medium while under the influence of an electrical potential
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Electrophoresis
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A type of emission spectrum showing a continuous band of colors all bleeding into one another
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Continous spectrum
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A type of emission spectrum showing a series of lines separated by black areas. Each line represents a definite wavelength or frequency.
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Line spectrum
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Amount of light allowed to reach the film or sensor, determined by intensity of the light, amount admitted by the lens, and length of time determined by shutter speed
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Exposure
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An analytical method for identifying a substance by its selective absorption of different wavelengths of light
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Spectrophotometry
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An analytical technique used to identify crystalline materials
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X-Ray Diffraction
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An erasure will disrupt?
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the upper fibers of the questioned document
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An individual whom the court determines possesses knowledge relevant to the trial that is not expected of the average lay person
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Expert witness
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An instrument that links a microscope to a spectrophotometer
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Microspectrophotometer
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Another word for medical examiner, must go to med school (4 yrs), postgrad in pathology (4 yrs), additional training in Forensic Path 5 yrs, and board certification.
Reviews medical history, reviews witness statements, scene investigation, autopsy examination |
Forensic Pathologist
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any intentional changes in normal bone structure whether for social preference or individual preference
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Body modification
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Any object that can establish that a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and its victim or between a crime and its perpetrator
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Physical evidence
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Any of several analytical techniques whereby organic mixtures are separated into their components by their attraction to a stationary phase while being propelled by a moving phase
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Chromatography
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Automatic setting in automatic camera that provides the optimum combo of shutter speed and f-stop at a given level of illumination
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. Exposure program
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Autopsy performed in case of unnatural death, for medico-legal purposes
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Forensic Autopsy
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Camera feature that lets you freeze the auto focus of the lens when the subject you want to capture is in sharp focus, then reframe the photograph without changing focus.
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Focus lock
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Case documented in 3 parallel places:
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Case log book, Processing log, and Individual case file Documentation of Remains Chemical Erasure removal of text by reacting the ink with a solvent
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Condition in which too little light reaches the film or sensor, producing a thin negative, a dark slide, a muddy-looking print, or dark digital image
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under exposure
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Condition in which too much light reaches the film or sensor, producing a dense negative or a very bright/light print, slide, or digital image
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over exposure
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Consider a proper exposure using at f/11 @ 60. Changing the f-stop to f8 would require what shutter speed for an equivalent exposure
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f/8 @ 125
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Describe the differences between high and low ISO
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High ISO leads to grainy photos, but sensitive to light
* Low ISO leads to less grainy photos, with less sensitivity to light |
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Distance between the film and the optical center of the lens when the lens is focused on infinity
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Focal length
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Distance in front of and behind the subject which appears to be in focus
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Depth of field
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Fields of study in medicine and jurisprudence dealing with legal issues, both criminal and civil. Subfields include
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toxicology, entomology, pathology and anthropology Forensic Sciences
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Form of chromatography with a liquid moving phase and a gas stationary phase in which the entire process occurs at room temperature
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High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
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Glass to which strength has been added by introducing stress through the rapid heating and cooling of the glass surfaces
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Tempered glass
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Handwritting analysts will collect as many ______ as possible, the more is better.
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exemplars
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natural, accidental, homicide, suicide, undetermined
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Manner of Death
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In photography, lighting used to illuminate shadows
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Fill lighting None
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Infrared Luminescence
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the refraction of infrared spectrum when exposed to a blue green light source
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Lens opening or iris that admits light to the film or sensor
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lens aperture
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Lens or lens setting that magnifies an image
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Telephoto
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Light emitted from a source and separated into its component colors or frequencies
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Emission spectrum
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Light falling on a surface
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incident light
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Light that passes up from the condenser and through the specimen
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Transmitted illumination
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Light-measuring device that calculates exposure based on brightness of entire image
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Averaging meter
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Light-sensitive coating on a piece of film, paper, or printing plate
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Emulsion
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Line, grid, circular, random
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Search methods
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List of all persons who came into posession of an item of evidence
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Chain of custody
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Movement of the camera, aggravated by slower shutter speeds, causing image blur
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Camera shake
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Moving the camera so that the image of a moving object remains in the same relative position in the viewfinder as you take a picture
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panning
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Number of pixels per inch, used to determine the size of the image when printed
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resolution
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Outsmarting Deception
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never show suspect the questionable document
-do not provide spelling grammar or punctuation assistance -use several different pens including 1 similar tothe document -write in script and print -repeat three times -acquire signatures accompaying other texts |
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Physical evidence must be ___, ___, and ___.
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Recognized, Collected, Preserved
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Properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source Class characteristics
Range between lightest and darkest tones in an image |
Contrast
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Range that the image capturing surface could be moved while maintaining acceptable focus
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Depth of focus
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Solid stationary phase and a moving liquid phase; a glass plate is prepared by coating it with a granular material
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Thin-layer chromatography
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The bending of a light wave as it passes from one medium to another
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Refraction
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The area of the specimen that can be seen after it is magnified
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Field of view
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The f-stop is the ratio of what two parts of the camera?
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. effective focal length of the lens
2. diameter of the entrance pupil |
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The lower lens of a microscope that is positioned directly over the specimen
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Objective lens
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The medical condition that occurs after death and results in the settling of blood in areas of the body closest to the ground
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Livor mortis
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The medical condition that occurs after death and results in the shortening of muscle tissue and the stiffening of body parts in the position they are in when death occurs
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Rigor mortis
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This camera feature selects the correct focus distance for you, usually based on contrast of image or infrared sensor
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Auto Focus
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This camera setting allows you to specify the f-stop, while the camera autoselects the shutter speed
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Aperture priority
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To admit visible light when exposed to light of a shorter wavelength
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Fluoresce
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To decrease depth of field, do this to the aperture. What f-stop?
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Lower f-stop leads to low depth of field, e.g., f/2.8
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to enlarge or reduce the size of an image on your monitor/enlarge or reduce size of image using magnification settings of a lens
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zoom
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To increase depth of field, do this to the aperture. What f-stop
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Higher f-stop leads to higher depth of field, e.g., f/11
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To reduce purity or vividness of a color
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Desaturate
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Two sheets of ordinary glass bonded together with plastic film
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Laminated glass
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Type of camera that allows you to see through the camera's lens as you look in the camera's viewfinder
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single lens reflex (SLR)
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What are the first 7 half stops, starting with f/4
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f/4, f/4.8, f/5.6, f/6.7, f/8, f/9.5, f/11
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What are the first 9 full stops starting with f/1.4?
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f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22
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What are the first x 1/3-stops, starting with f/4?
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f/4, f/4.5, f/5, f/5.6, f/6.3, f/7.1, f/8, f/9, f/10, f/11
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What are the whole shutter speeds from 1000 to 1 second
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1000, 500, 250, 125, 60, 30, 15, 8, 4, 2, 1, 1, 2, B
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Types of Powders used for detecting fingerprints
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black powder on light surfaces
white powder on dark surfaces |
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what are powders applied with
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ostrich feather, a camel hair or nylon brush or atomizer
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iodine fuming
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yeilds a temporary brownish colored print that fades within a few hours
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ninhydrin
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reacts with the amino acids and is useful on paper, but not on money.
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silver nitrate
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reacts with chloride excreated from persperation
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cyanoacrylate
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super glue fuming used on glass, metal, plastic and packaging.
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ultraviolet
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beyond the visible spectrum. (floresce)
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laser
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luminesence
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types of classification by ridge lines
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arch, loop, whoorl
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what percentage of fingerprints have each ridge line
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arches 5-10, loops 60-70, whoorls 25-30
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two types of arches
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plain and tented
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two types of loops
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ulnar and radial
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4 types of whoorls
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plain, central pocket, double loop, and accidental.
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loops have ridges between
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delta and core
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meet whoorls
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the left delta comes with in 3 ridges to the right delta
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inner tracing
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there are 3 or more ridge lines between the trace and the right deltas and the trace runs through the delta and core.
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outer tracing
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the left delta traces with 3 or more ridge lines between the right delta
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The term_____________ encompasses all objects that can establish whether a crime has been committed or can provide a link between a crime and it victims or perp.
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physical evidence
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scientific evaluation of crime scene evidence can usually overcome the results of a poorly conducted criminal investigation. true or false.
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false
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the techniques of physical evidence collection require a highly skilled individual who must specialize in the area of investigation. true or false
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false
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all unathorized personnel must be ________ from the crime scenes.
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excluded
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three methods for recording the crime scene are
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photography, sketches, and notes
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the most important prerequisite for photographing a crime scene is to have it in an ______ condition.
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unaltered
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photographs of physical evidence must include overviews as well as ______ to record details of objects
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close-ups
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an investigator need only to draw a _______ sketch at the crime scene to show the dimensions and pertinent objects.
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rough
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besides the more obvious items of physical evidence, possible ________ of trace evidence must be collected for detailed examination in the lab.
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carriers.
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a detailed search of the crime scene for physical evidence must be conducted in a ________manner
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systematic
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what type of evidence retrieved from a deceased victim is to be submitted to The crime lab.
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victims clothing, fingernail clippings, head and pubic hair, blood, vaginal, anal and oral swabs, recovered bullets from the body, and had swabs from shooting victims.
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9 ITEMS
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whenever possible, trace evidence (is/is not) to be removed from the object that bears it.
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is not
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each item collected at the crime scene must be placed in a ________ container.
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seperate
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an ordinary mailing envelope is considered to be a good general purpose evidence container. (true or false)
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false
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an airtight container is/is not recommended packaging material for a bloodstained garment.
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is not
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as a matter of routine, all items of clothing are to be _______ before packaging
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air dried
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charred debris recovered from the scene of an arson is best placed in a porous container. (true or false)
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false
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the possibility of future legal proceedings requires that a _____________ be established with respect to the possession and location of physical evidence.
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chain of custody
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most physical evidence collected at the crime scene will require accomanying submission of __________ material for comparison purposes.
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control
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THE PROCESS OF ________ DETERMINES A SUBSTANCE'S PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL IDENTITY WITH AS NEAR ABSOLUTE CERTAINTY AS EXSISTING ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES WILL PERMIT
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IDENTIFICATION
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THE NUMBER AND TYPE OF TESTS NEEDED TO ID A SUBSTANCE MUST BE SUFFICIENT TO _______ ALL OTHER SUBSTANCES FROM CONSIDERATION.
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EXCLUDE
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A _____ANALYSIS SUBJECTS A SUSPECT AND CONTROL SPECIMEN TO THE SAME TESTS AND EXAMINATION FOR THE ULTIMATE PURPOSE OF DETERMINING WHETHER THEY HAVE A COMMON ORIGIN.
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COMPARISON
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___________IS THE FREQUENCY OF OCCURENCE OF AN EVENT
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PROBABILITY
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EVIDENCE THAT CAN BE TRACED TO A COMMON SOURCE WITH AN EXTREMELY HIGH DEGREE OF PROBABILITY IS SAID TO POSSESS ___________ CHARACTERISTICS
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INDIVIDUAL
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EVIDENCE ASSOCIATED WITH A GROUP AND NOT TO A SINGLE SOURCE IS SAID TO POSSESS _____ CHARACTERISTICS
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CLASS
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ONE OF THE MAJOR DEFICIENCES OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IS THE INABILITY OF THE EXAMINER TO ASSIGN EXACT OR APPROX PROBABILITY VALUES TO THE COMPARISON OF MOST CLASS PHYSICAL EVIDENCE (TRUE OR FALSE)
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TRUE
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THE VALUE OF CLASS PHYSICAL EVIDENCE LIES IN IT'S ABILITY TO PROVIDE ________ OF EVENTS THAT IS AS NEARLY AS POSSIBLE FREE OF HUMAN ERROR
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CORRABORATIONS
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THE ______ ACCORDED PHYSICAL EVIDENCE DURING A TRIAL IS LEFT ENTIRELY TO THE TRIER OF FACT
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WEIGHT
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PHYSICAL EVIDENCE CANNOT BE USED TO EXCLUDE OR EXONERATE A PERSON FROM SUSPICION OF COMMITTING A CRIME (T OR F)
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FALSE
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THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL AND CLASS EVIDENCE IS ALWAYS EASY TO MAKE. T/F
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FALSE
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MODERN ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES HAVE BECOME SO SENSITIVE THAT THE FORENSIC EXAMINER MUST BE AWARE OF THE _______ THAT EXISTS AMONG MATERIALS WHEN INTERPRETING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF COMPARATIVE DATA
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LIMITS OF NATURAL VARIATION
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A CRIME CAN ACCURATELY BE RECONSTRUCTED SOLELY ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE. T/F
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FALSE
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A ___PROPERTY DESCRIBES THE BEHAVIOR OF A SUBSTANCE WITHOUT REFERENCE TO ANY OTHER SUBSTANCE
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PHYSICAL
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A ____ PROPERTY IS ONE THAT DESCRIBES THE BEHAVIOR OF A SUBSTANCE WHEN IT REACTS OR COMBINES WITH ANOTHER SUBSTANCE.
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CHEMICAL
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THE _______SYSTEM OF MEASURMENT WAS DEVISED BY THE FRENCH ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
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METRIC
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THE BASIC UNIT OF MEASURMENT FOR LENGTH, MASS, AND VOLUME IN THE METRIC SYSTEM ARE THE ________, _________, AND ______
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METER, GRAM, AND LITER
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A CENTIGRAM IS EQUAL TO ___________ OF A GRAM
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1/100
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A MILLILITER IT EQUIVALENT TO _______ LITER
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1/1000
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.2 GRAMS IS EQUIVALENT TO _____MILLIGRAMS
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200
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ONE CUBIC CENTIMETER IS EQUIVALENT TO ONE _______
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ML
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ONE METER IS SLIGHTLY LONGER THAT A YARD T/F
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TRUE
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THE EQUIVALENT OF ONE POUND IN GRAMS IS _
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453.6
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A LITER IS SLIGHTLY LARGER THAN A QUART. T/F
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TRUE
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______ IS A MEASURE OF A SUBSTANCE'S HEAT INTENSITY
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TEMPRATURE
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THERE ARE _____DEGREES FAHRENHEIT BETWEEN FREEZING AND BOILING POINTS OF WATER
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180
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THERE ARE _____DEGREES CELSIUS BETWEEN THE FREEZING AND BOILING POINT OF WATER
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100
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THE AMOUNT OF MATTER AN OBJECT CONTAINS DETERMINES IT'S ____
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MASS
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THE SIMPLEST TYPE OF BALANCE FOR WEIGHING IS THE ________
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EQUAL ARM BALANCE
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MASS PER UNIT VOLUME DEFINES THE PROPERTY _______
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DENSITY
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