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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Percentage of False Convictions based on Mistaken Eye Witness' |
73% |
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Memory is: |
a way to get along bette in the world, a reconstruction of pieces |
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Blake et. al. found |
Ability to draw essential elements of apple logo = 1/85 and less then 1/2 could recognize logo from an array of 8 possibilities. |
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Inattention blindness includes |
change blindness, and weapon focus |
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Bucknout 1974 study reflects |
racial prejudices and expectations |
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Bower and Treyens study on Inference showed |
1/3 of participants remembered books that were not there. |
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What is interpolated testing and recalling |
material tested in interm enhances recall, if not tested then they are forgotten. |
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Leading questions studies |
Harris 1973 Loftus 1975 both showed how estimates of things grew or shrunk depending on the words used to ask the question (hight or frequency questions) |
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misleading post event information causes Ss to respond: |
faster than non-misled Ss |
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Loftus and Pickerel on creating false memories: |
25% of participants created full or partial false memories. |
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Mock crime witnesses were most likely to report |
clothing |
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Real crime witnesses were most likely to report |
gender |
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Van-Koppen et. al. on eye witness descriptions found that: |
Permanent features are mentioned more often, less then 5% of inner face features described, majority of temporary descriptors were clothing. Majority of facial descriptors were wrong. |
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Police Mug books showed: |
no relationship between accuracy and confidence 72% accuracy |
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Mechanisms Behind Mugshot exposure effect |
1> familiarity 2> commitment |
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What is used to asses the accuracy of witness judgements ? |
Diagnocticity ratio (should be high) |
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Retention Variables for eye-witness recall: |
recall declines with delay of testing fewer correct visual identifications if they are given a verbal description before hand (verbal encoding of the description interfered with later retrieval of the original image. |
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Photofit responses from judges: |
12.5 percent correct on first choice 25% correct on second and third choice |
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Mac-a-mug results by judges |
10% correctly matched 69% were given a 1 or 2 rating |
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What is the main purpose for criminal profiling |
provide leads for investigators to follow. |
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What is the behavioural consistency assumption |
offenders behave in a generally consistent manner. |
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What is the behaviour differentiation assumption |
the manner in which a particular offender behaves is distinguishable from that of other offenders. Evidence is unclear but plausible. |
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What is the homology assumption |
offenders that exhibit similar behaviours will also have similar characteristics. |
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Who made the first systematic offender profile? |
James Brussel |
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Stage one of the FBI model of profiling |
profiling inputs: gather evidence and organize it into categories |
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Stage two if the FBI model of profiling |
decision process models (type of crime) looks at victim risk offender risk time factors location factors |
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Stage three of the FBI model of profiling |
Crime assessment (reconstructing the crime, crime classification, staging, motivation) |
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Stage four of the FBI model of profiling |
Criminal Profile |
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What is the typology method of profiling? |
individuals share categories based on motivation 1. disorganized and organized 2. Serial murder 3. Visionary serial murder 4. Mission serial murderer 5> Hedonistic Serial murder |
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Types of rapists (which is highest) |
1) power reassurance (highest) loner 2) anger retaliation - wants to hurt (unplanned) 3) exploitative - entitled 4) Sadistic - sexual, escalates to murder |
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What is the inductive profiling method |
it is a comparative, correlational or statistical process. |
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What is the deductive profiling method |
it is process oriented looking at behaviour patterns and reasoning. Has an "if" factor. |
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What ar the four components of the deductive method of criminal profiling |
1. forensic evidence 2. victimology 3. crime scene characteristics 4. deduction of offender characteristics |
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Five behaviour motivational typologies |
1.power reassurance (insecure) 2.power assertive (insecure, less aggressive) 3. anger retaliatory 4. anger excitation 5. Profit or material gain |
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What is modus operandi ? |
aspects that remain the same from crime to crime |
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What aspects of crime does Canter believe we need to address? |
1. Behavioural Salience 2. Distinguishing between offenders 3. Inferring Characteristics 4. linking offences |
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What do the four letters in Canters equation stand for ? |
C = characteristics A = offenders actions F/K = Weights of crime actions |
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What is a problem with Canter's equation |
there is no link between crime and offenders characteristics |
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What are the three interpersonal narratives? |
1. Victim as a object - crime of opportunity 2. Victim as a vehicle - tragic hero 3. Victim as a person - tries to understand victim but does not necessarily have feelings for them. This narrative does not have a high or low control. |
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what do we use to test Canters hypothesis |
Smallest Space Analysis: Use theories to make themes and cluster characteristics by their geographic closeness. This is done by eye and is NOT scientific |
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Critiques of Canter's Theory: |
1. lack of conceptual clarify 2. unverifiable assertions 3. non scientific |
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Name two reasonably accurate profiles: |
1. Unibmber by Ted Kozynski 2. Paul Bernardo (specifically his profiling picture that was created. |
