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36 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Name the 6 types of asexual reproduction
Sprouting, layering, air layering, rooted cuttings, graftings micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis
Describe sprouting
Mostly in hardwoods-- this is a response to sudden death of tree. Types: epicormic sprouts on trunk and adventitious buds on roots
Describe layering
Where branches of a species of trees are held down to touch the ground. In a moist environment, the branches will form roots and another tree will grow.
Describe air layering
Peel off layer of bark on a branch, pack some moist soil/peat and growth regulators onto the branch, wrap in plastic wrap to hold in moisture, and wrap in aluminum foil to prevent too much heat from 'baking it.' Hopefully in a few months, roots will have sprouted and a seedling is formed.
Describe rooted cuttings
cut off little twigs, remove most of foliage, dip cut end in rooting powder, and stick it in wet potting soil. Frequently mist, and keep in the shade, and keep the soil a little warm. Hopefully roots will be growing in a few months.
Describe grafting
Slice a "v" wedge into a special tree cutting, and cut a "v" into a generic tree that is the family, and place them together, secured with wax and rubberband. The diameters must be the same size for each the tree cutting and tree trunk.
Describe micropropagation
This happens under sterile laboratory conditions. Some sort of undifferentiated tissue is removed (either from bud or root) and put on a petri dish w/ growth regs. It grows into an undifferentiated callous (blob of cells) that are genetically identical. Then, put in a new combination of growth regs (1st- shoots and leaves, 2nd- roots). Then you put them in some potting soil and grow them into seedlings.
Describe somatic embryogenesis (SE)
This is the most common.
Under sterile laboratory conditions, take an embryo out of a seed and put it on a petri dish w/ growth regulators to make it start dividing to make lots of embryos. Embryos are allowed to germinate and then do the potting soil and seedling thing again.

SE is -not- transgenetic. But a transgenic tree can be mass-produced by SE.
What is an advantage of SE?
Can keep preserved genetic crosses in cryogenics.
Light rxns. vs. Dark rxns of Psynth
Light rxns- occur in the light and require light to happen. ATP- Energy, NADPH2- reducing power

Dark rxns- occur in the light, but do not require light. Use ATP + NADPH2 + CO2 --> Sugar

These reactions take place in the chloroplast
Types of pigments
Chlorophyll A and B
More "a" than "b"
What is the light compensation point?
The point at which trees can't make food. This is ~50 umol/m^-2*sec
Organization of chlorophyll
2 types: Light Harvesting, and Reaction Centers
Trees have more LHC to transfer to the rxn centers.
Rxn Centers: Photosystem 2 = 680 nm
Photosystem 1 = 700 nm
Electron Transport in Light Reactions
e- need to be taken out of chlorophyll and put into NADPH
Light goes into the LHC in PS2, which is funneled to the rxn center, where e- are excited to higher energy state.
Chlorophyll is now oxidized and needs e-, which it gets from water. Now it is reduced again.

An e- gets transferred from PS2 to PS1 and gets excited to supa-high energy and goes to NADP+ --> NADPH2 (the reducing power)
What is the ultimate source of electrons in the ETC?
Water.
When it splits, oxygen is a bi-product.
What does ATPase do?
It is the protein that uses H+ ions to synthesize ATP.
ATP is the energy
What are the types of dark rxns?
C-3 Pathway, C-4 Pathway, and CAM
What is the general formula for the C-3 Pathway?
5C sugar ("RuBP") + CO2 --(Rubisco)--> 2(3C molecules) which go through many steps to make Glucose
The C3 Pathway needs what to go?
Needs the enzyme (protein) catalyst Ribulose Biphosphate Carboxylase (Rubisco)
How many times must the C3 Pathway happen for a molecule of glucose to be made?
This dark rxn cycle has to go 6 times to make 1 new glucose because for each 6C glucose you make, you have to give back 5C for RuBP to do the cycle again. Have to accumulate the single carbons each time to make 6.
What is the general equation for the C-4 Pathway?
Phosphoenolpyruvate ("PEP", a 3-C sugar) + CO2 --(PEP-Carboxylase)--> 4-C acid which splits into CO2 + 3C sugar
How does the C-4 pathway work, and where does it take place?
CO2 comes into the leaf through the stomata where it comes into contact w/ mesophyll cells (which contain PEP-Carboxylase), and changes it to the C-4 acid and goes into bundle sheath cells, where it separates into C3 and CO2 again.
Function of the Calvin-Benson cylcle
Occurs in the bundle sheath cells w/ the RuBP carboxylase and all that. If CO2 is released, it is captured again by the mesophyll cells.
Why is the C4 Pathway better?
It uses a more efficient enzyme: PEP carboxylase
It has a unique anatomy
C4 plants have little to no photorespiration
What is the general equation for photorespiration?
RuBP + O2 --(RuBP oxygenase)--> 3C + 2C --------> eventually goes back to CO2

In a C3 plant, 20-40% of carbon is lost due to photorespiration
End products of the light and dark rxns?
Light: captures sunlight's E into NADPH and ATP
Dark: captures CO2 and using NADPH and ATP, forms carbohydrates.
Photosynthesis in a sunleaf vs. a shadeleaf
Sunleaf has higher max. rate, higher saturation rate, higher compensation point, lower slope (quantum use efficiency), higher respiration rate.
Physical differences b/w a sunleaf and shade leaf
Shade leaves have more LHC.. they are thin and spread out-- large surface area.
Sun leaves are thicker w/ less surface area.
How does P.synth vary with CO2 concentration?
As CO2 concentration increases, P.synth increases. Trees like having lots of CO2 cuz it allows for faster growth.
How does water affect P.synth rates?
P.synth is high in well-watered conditions, and falls during drought. This is because during a drought, the stomata close and no CO2 comes in.. The thylakoids unravel and rupture and RuBP denatures.
How does temperature affect P.synth?
Trees tend to like medium temperatures. Too cold and the tree won't p.synth, too hot and it won't p.synth either.
Bell-shaped curve.
A winter curve is smaller and shorter than a summer curve.
Trees have the ability to adapt to temperature change.
Where does respiration take place?
Mitochondria
What are the 3 major parts of respiration?
1. Glycolysis (sugar split into 2-3C molecules)
2. Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle): NADH and FADH are formed
3. Electron Transport Chain: where ATP, H2O, and CO2 are made
What is the difference between photosynthesis and respiration?
P.synth: produces sugar and costs ATP and NADPH
Respiration: costs sugar to make ATP to build and maintain
Why is photorespiration inefficient?
It has a 20-40% loss in sugar
It makes 0 ATP
Factors controlling growth?
P.synth rate
Respiration rate
-a) growth
-b) maintenance
Seasonal patter of Ps/Resp
-broadleaf vs. conifer
Allocation of Carbon