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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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allergic reaction |
immunogically mediated reaction to a chemicl resulting from previous snesitization to that chemical |
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toxicity |
biological property of matter, function of the amount or dosage of the material |
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Paracelsus 1493-1541 |
nothing is without poison, only dose determines that a thing is not poison |
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exposure |
the amount of a material that is available for absorption into the body |
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absorption |
process by which toxic material crosses the membrane |
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disposition of xenobiotics |
ADBE |
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Distribution |
movements of a substance or material through out the body |
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Biotransformation |
process of chemical change of a material-detoxification |
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what is absorbed easily |
small water soluble or polar molecules, small and larger lipid soluble or non polar molecules, most readily cross the cell membrane |
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Biotransformation of toxins |
rate of transformation depends on species, strain, age, sex, exposure to other chemicals |
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nephron |
functional unit of the kidney |
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since when has irradiation been used |
1914 |
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what does cooking do |
kills pathogenic microorganisms, creates PAH |
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PAH |
atmospheric pollutants that consist of fused aromatic rings |
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simplest PAH |
napthalene |
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HCA |
chemical formed when meat, poultry or fish is cooked at high temperatures |
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what does HCA trigger |
cardiomyopathy, inflammation and deteriation of hear tissue |
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Acrylamide |
suspected carcinogen fromed by heat induced reaction between sugar and amino acid asparigine |
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advantages of enzymes |
they are of natural origin and non toxic great specificity of action and usually without unwanted side effects, dont need special equipment |
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disadvantages of enzymes |
difficult to sterilize without inactivating, bacterial contamination of animal enzymes, chemical contamination of plant enzymes |
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Enzyme regulatory |
no tolerance for salmonella |
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purpose of acidulant in food |
work as buffer in controlling pH of food, preservative |
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acetic acid and acetate salts standard of identity |
sodium diaetate, baked goods =.o4% |
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example of an acetic acid |
tartaric acid |
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monopotassium salt of tartaric acid |
cream of tar tar |
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acute toxicity of lactic acid |
noted for lethal effects on infants, only L form recommended for pre mature feeding |
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Non nutritive sweetners needed by who |
those with glucose problems |
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Saccharin |
sweetn low, sugar twin |
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when was saccharin discovered |
1879 |
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how much sweeter is scahrin than sucrose |
300X |
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sacchrin toxicity |
produce bladder cancer in 7.5% rats sacchrin not a carcinogen in men national cancer institute says it is not a carcinogen in 2001 |
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Aspartame |
equal/ nutrasweet |
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how many times sweeter than sugar is aspartame |
180X |
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dipeptide |
aspartame |
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aspartame can do what |
cause genetic probblems |
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stevia |
new sweetner |
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stevia is made from |
natural substance from leaves of herb |
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Nutritive sweetners |
fructose, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol, erythritol |
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Mannitol is slowly absorbed and can cause |
gi tract, low blood sugar impact, GRAS |
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purpose of emulsifiers |
bind fat and water, maintains a mixture in a homogenous consistency |
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Types of emulsifiers |
monoglycerides and diglycerides |
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Emulsifier salts |
salts that cause proteins in the meat sausage mixes to act as emulsifiers |
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Example of emulsifying salts |
sodium lactate |
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stabalizers |
thickeners |
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purpose of stabalizer |
give products body and maintain the desried texture |
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Types of stabalizer |
gums (seen in tree, seeds, seaweed), synthetics, |
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toxicity of stabalizers |
carageenan cause 5% of ulcers and liver problems, modified starches cause diarrhea in babies |
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function of the kidneys |
concentrae and reabsorb |
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study of adverse effects of xenobiotics on living systems |
toxicology |
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foreign substances or an excess of normal substances |
xenobiotics |
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unit of material per unit of a biological system (mg/kg) |
dose |
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biological property of matter, function of the amount of extrinsic material, altereed by handling, temp or physical state, LD 50 |
Properties of toxicity |
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absorption, distribution, metabolism, excertion |
toxokinetics |
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process of a chemical changing a substance or material |
mteablosim |
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elimination from the body |
excretion |
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time required for 50% removal from bloodstream |
half life |
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principle route |
excretion |
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absorption methods |
passive diffusion, filtration, carrier mediated transport, endocytosis, |
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degradation reactions (oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis) |
biotransformation phase1 |
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conjugation reaction, conjugate usually more water soluable and readily excretable |
biotransformation phase 2 |
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function is to metabolize and detoxify |
liver |
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function is to concentrate and reabsrob for excretion |
kidney |
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kidney susceptibility |
significant blood flow to kidneys high oxygen and nutrient requirements |
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Consist of fused aromatic rings, found in charcoal broiling, vehicle emissions |
PAH |
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where do most PAHS come from |
cereals, oils and fats |
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Benzopyrene (BAP) found in coal, tar, car exhaust, 100% incidence rate from tumors |
Most ubiquitous PAH |
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BAP level in cooked sausage |
12.5-18.8 ppb |
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BAP level in barbecued ribs |
10.5 ppb |
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BAP levels in charcoal broiled steak |
.8 ppb |
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formed when meat/ poultry/ fish is cooked at high temp |
HCAs (heterocyclic amines) |
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Risks with HCA |
potent mutagens, carcigoney less exclusive, triggers cardiomyopathy, inlfamation and detoration of heart with age |
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HCA in potato |
Fired potatoes have HCAs that are absorbed |
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suspected carcinogen that is formed by a heat induced reaction between sugar and asparahine |
acrylamide |
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where is acrylamide found |
in many foods |
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substance or mixture of substances other than basic food stuff which is present as a result of any aspect of production, processing, or storage that DOES NOT INCLUDE CHANCE CONTAMINANTS |
food additives |
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Food, drug, and cosmetic act of 1938 |
truthful labeling of food additives |
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1st specific regulation of food additives established GRAS additives, requires approvalof new additives and included delaney clause |
Food additives amendment of 1958 |
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FAA does not include |
colors 1960, pesticides, 1956 |
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forbids any substance which is carcinogenic by any route |
delaney clause |
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currently many substances that are not GRAS are regulated and assigned aconcern level substance an dfood additives to determine GRAS |
FDA cassification of chemicals added to food |
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cGras classification |
GRAS, direct food substances added to food, indirect food substances not added but migrate into food from packaging |
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detailed description of the safety test plan and procedures |
protocol |
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7-14 days, single exposure to determine LD 50 |
acute test |
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30- 90 days, rats and dogs, try to show how safe it is and then can only use 1/100 of concentration |
subchronic NOEL tests |
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90 days to life, 3 dose levels, 3 species to determine ADI |
chronic tests |
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what do toxicology test specifically test for in food additives |
tumors- carcigonecity non lehtal structure and functional changes in fetus- tetragonecity DNA changes- mutagenecity |
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people who cannot metabolize benzoates have problems with asprin and tartrazine |
benzoate toxicity |
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reason for benzoate toxicity |
cannot conjugate with glycine in the liver to form hippuric acid, which is then excreted in the urine |
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benzoate limit |
.1% on standard of identity |
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flavor and preservative in cured meats prevents botulism (latin for sausage poisoning) |
Nitrate and its uses |
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acute toxicity |
caused by nitrates, methemoglobinemia, children less than 6 moths are most susceptible |
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antioxidant and preservatives prevent alcohol from fermenting into vinegar and mold from affecting grapes |
sulfites uses |
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aanti-vitamin activity, destroy thiamine, allergic reactions (acute reactions) |
sulfite toxicity |
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must have label if > 10 ppm |
sulfite regulation |
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how much ppm can shrimp have |
100 black spot |
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ppm in beer |
10 acetic acid and warning label |
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sulfite regulation |
none in fresh fruit and vegetable |
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flavoring agent, work as buffer, prevent microorganism growth and synergistic to antioxidant |
acidulants in food |
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example of acidulant |
lactic acid |
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what does lactic acid do to infants |
lethal effect, caused gangrenous gastritis, only L form allowed, L is GRAS |
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non nutritive sweetners |
saccharin-X300 aspartame-X100 sucrolos-X800-100\stevia |
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nutritive sweetners |
Fructose-1.5X sweeter GRAS1 Xylitol- non carcinogenic Mannitol- slowly absorbed Sobitol- diabetic foods ALL ARE GRAS |
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Saccharin |
believed to be carcinogenic, splenda, twin sugar, classified as food additive until 2001 |
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aspartame |
no effects in humans except PKU, genetic disorder is mental retardation, must include warning label to alert PKU |
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emulsifiers stabilizers moisture control agents firming agents |
processing aid types |
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bind fat and water, maintains a mixture in a homogenous consistency, calcium shortening |
emulsifier |
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emulsifying salt as well as flavor enhancer, antimicrobial, inhibits listeria monoctogens, used in fermented sausages to stop growth of L moncytogenes |
sodium lactate |
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carageen in chocolate milk, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate DSS stool softener |
stabalizer |
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5% of diet cause ulcers and liver problems GRAS modified starches give babies diarrhea |
stabilizer toxicity |
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food chemicals whose main function is to enhance or potentiate the flavor of foods without imparting flavor themselves, contain MSG |
flavor potentiators |
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idosyncratic agent, not permitted in infant foods, oriental restaurant syndrome in hot fishes, numbness, headaches |
MSG |
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Nutritional additive minerals |
iodine, iron |
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produce thyroid hormones, source in seafood, iodized salt, GRAS, some are hypersensitive |
iodine |
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sources in red meats, liver, poultry, action needed for hemoglobin, some deaths in children eating handful of iron tablets, GRAS, child proof bottle caps |
iron |
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source is animal tissue or organs, plants |
enzymes |
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no salmonella allowed in toxicity and regulatory |
enzymes |
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disadvantage of enzymes |
difficult to sterilize without inactivating, bacterial contam, chemical contamination |
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a nutritional additive, L- tryptophan, used as a dietary protein supplement |
amino acids |
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eosinophilia myalgia syndrome, high blood counts, eosinophils, muscle aches, weakness, showa denko |
L-tryptophan toxicity |
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FD&C act of 1938 and amendment of 1960 |
colors |
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what must be done for colors to be certified |
all synthetics must be certified |
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uncertified colors |
only natural colors (edible vegetable, 26 non certified colors) annatto(cheddar cheese) turmeric (maragarine & butter) |
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most widely used non certified color |
caramel |
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insecticides, rodenticides, herbicides, fungicides |
pesticides |
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what happens to pesticides |
bio-accumulate |
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mentioned in the ebers papyrus 1500 BC to control house fleas |
pesticides |
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Federal regulation of pesticides |
EPA, FIFRA, FFDCA |
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registered to be used Federal insecticides, fungicides & rodenticide act |
EPA |
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Maximum allowable levels of pesticide residues in foods and animal feeds |
Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act |
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nerve toxins, inhibit cholinesterase acetylcholine accumulates; over stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system |
organic phosphate action |
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Organic Phosphate action IP |
less than 8 hours |
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water soluabel, short residue times, food by accidental contamination |
organic phosphate toxicity |
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stimulate or depress nervous system |
chlorinated hydrocarbon action |
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incresing firing rate of nerve fibers (changes Na+ and K+ membrane actions) has to do with chlorinated hydrocarbon action |
DDT |
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bioaccumulate, banned in US because of slow degradation |
chlorinated hydrocarbon regulation |
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high insecticide potency low tendency to induce insect resistance, lack of environmental persistance over it is safe |
pyrethrum |
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contact dermatatis asthma |
pyrethrum effect |
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Fungicides |
Ceresan (methyl mercury) - H.C.B. (Hexachlorobenzene) rat LD50 = 160 < 640 mg/kg)- 3,000 cases in turkey "monkey diseaseCaptan rat Ld50 = 480 mg/kg teratogenic
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associated with black foot disease classic beer pisoning in england. Recently detected in rice products, including cereal |
arsenic locations |
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consumers report March 2014 |
FDA data show arsenic in rice, juice & beerFDA has no limits for anything except water: 10 ppbBeer 10 of 65 samples + for inorganic arsenic UK study in India, damaged chromosomes
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highest in shellfih:330ppm, moderate in grain, low in red meats, poultry, milk |
cadmium |
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Bound to metalthionein in kidneysAcute: severe gastroentertisChronic ITAI-ITAI BYO from loss of calcium, protein, results in osteomalacia
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cadmium toxicity |
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in air and water and paint, food from three piece cans sealed with lead containing solder (eg sardines, orange juice, evaoparated milk) |
lead in environment |
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uptake through contaminated food less than 10% unless calcium deficiency especially in children, encephalopathy |
lead toxicity |
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stored in galvanized containers, label galvanized containers and untensils "warning- do not use for storing acid foods and beverages" |
ainc toxicity |
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found in fish and shellfish naturally present in large marine fish, especially sword fish and giant tuna fish agricultural contamination of grain for planting with methyl mercury(ceresan) |
mercury |
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inorganic is converted to organic (methyl mercury) by anaerobic bacteria in the bottom of sludge of bays and lakes |
mechanism of mercury |
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mercury toxicity |
Methyl Mercury: readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract (95%) and distributed to all tissues, can cross blood-brain barrier and placentaclinical signs: paresthesia, ataxia, vision & hearing loss, coma & deathFDA limit of 0.5 ppm in fish
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Mercury FDA recommendation |
Pregnant women and young children do not eat shark, swordfish, king mackarel and tilefish |
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atlantic salmon shellfish, atlantic mackarel, brook trout low |
fish you buy |
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Bioaccumulate and can cause chloroacne, cancer, Yusho disease |
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) |
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PBBs |
firemaster FF-1 always in the red bagNutrimaster (magnesium) - "Brown bagMilk 200-400 ppm
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formed from waste incarcerations, forest fires, and backyard trash burning, can cause chloroacne |
dioxins |
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what happens with increased exposure of dioxins |
increased risk of cancer |
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causes the epping jaundice- contaminated cereal grains, it is a hardener |
epoxy resin pisoning |
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a solid used for plastic bottles, blister packs, NOT permitted for bottles, for alcoholic beverage |
PVC polyvinyl chloride |
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migration up to 20 ppm/yr may soon be discouraged because similar to carcinogen |
PVC |
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present in many hard plastic bottles and metal based food packaging since the 1960s |
BPA |
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how much BPA produces is used in food contact application but remains in canned food industry |
5% |
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what happened to BPA in EU, canada, and US |
banned in baby bottles, and children's drinking cups |
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dont eat fats, oils, and sweets then dairy then vegetables, then carbs |
USDA food pyramid |
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Red Meat and Butter use sparingly same thing with white rice white bread use sparingly. Vegetable in abundanceWhole grains and plant oils at most meals
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willets food pyramid |
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enjoy food, eat lessavoid oversized portionshalf plate vegetables and fruitsat least half grains whole grainsswitch to fat free or low fat 1% milkl
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USDA my plate |
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added to canned goods to keep them from falling apart |
firming agents |
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what do firming agents use |
calcium chloride-absorbs water, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate (gypsium) |
