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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Concentrations of Water in Body
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-60-70% of weight in Adults
-45-50% in Elderly -ICF 60% -ECF 40% (intravascular, interstitial, lymph) |
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4 Functions of Body Fluids
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Transportation of O2, nutrients & electrolytes.
Heat regulation. Lubrication of joint membranes. Hydrolyzation of food into water. |
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Functions of Electrolytes
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-Regulates water distribution (osmosis) (Na+).
-Osmosis changes action potential of membranes for muscle & nerve activity. -Assist in transport of nutrients across cell membranes. -Maintains optimum acid-base balance for metabolism of O2 & glucose (K+, Bicarb). -Muscle contractions (Ca+, Mg++, K+, Na+). -Energy - ATP generation (PO4-3) -Transmission of nerve impulses (Ca+, Na+, K+, Bicarb) -Clotting of blood (Ca+). |
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Sodium (Na+)
Where most found: Serum Levels: Functions: |
-ECF
-135-145 mEq/L -Regulates volume, osmolality & distribution of ECF. -Maintains neuromuscular activity. *Na+ & fluid balance probs. usu. occur together. |
No cardiac fx!
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Hyponatremia
Causes: Symptoms: |
NG Suctioning, Excessive drainage, Low intake, Sweating, Adrenal Insufficiency (low aldosterone), Diuretics, SIADH, CHF, Diarrhea, Vomiting.
Positive Babinski (plantar/toe) reflex, Muscle cramps, fatigue, Dyspnea on exertion, Anorexia, N/V, Postural BP changes, poor turgor (fingerprint), Weakness, Confusion (cerebral edema symptoms) |
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Hypernatremia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Lack of fluid intake, Osmotic Diuretics, Diarrhea, Abnormal salt intake, Excessive Aldosterone secretion, Diabetes Insipidus (excessive urine output), CRF.
Thirst, Red dry swollen tongue, Fever, Disorientation, Lethargy, Irritability, Seizures, Hallucinations. |
Water loss or sodium gain
Symptoms usually dehydration |
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Potassium (K+)
Where found: Serum levels: Function: |
-ICF
-3.5-4.5 mEq/L -Neuromuscular and Cardiac fx. Aldosterone helps K+ elimination |
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Hyperkalemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Renal disease/failure, Massive cell destruction, Rapid transfusion of aged blood, Catabolic states, Metabolic acidosis, Adrenal insufficiency, Salt substitute.
Cardiac arrest if sudden, V.Fib., Irregular pulse, Muscular weakness, Paresthesias, Intestinal Colic (spasm/diarrhea) Heightened T Wave |
Increased cellular excitability
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Hypokalemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Diuretics, Hyperaldosteronism, Stress, NG suct., diarrhea, vomiting, ileostomy drainage, Malnutrition/starv/anorexia, Alcoholism
Dysrrhythmias, Weak irregular pulse, Neuromuscular skeletal weakness, Muscle flaccidity, Anorexia, N/V, Paresthesias, Decreased reflexes, Decreased bowel sounds. Flattened T Wave |
Causes reduced excitability of cells
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Calcium (Ca+)
Where found: Serum levels: Function: |
-Bones, teeth, ICF/ECF equally (one of most abundant ions in body)
-4.5-5.5 mEq/L -Tx of nerve impulses, Myocardial & Muscle contractions, Clotting, Teeth/bones PTH raises levels in blood |
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Hypercalcemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Malignancies r/t bone reabsorption (mult. myeloma or neoplastic disease), Hyperparathyroidism, Vit D overdose, Prolonged immobilization
Dec. memory/attention span, Confusion/disorientation, neurotic behavior, Fatigue, Polyuria (lot of urine), Polydipsia (lot of intake), Muscle weakness, incoordination, Dysrrhythmias, Renal stones |
Reduced excitability of muscles and nerves
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Hypocalcemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Acute pancreatitis (malabsorption of Ca+), Multiple blood transfusions (citrate in transfused blood binds Ca+), Hypoparathyroidism, Chronic hypoglycemia
Trousseau's Sign (carpopedal spasm), Chvostek's sign (facial nerve tap), Neuroexcitability, Numbless/tingling, Laryngeal stridor, Convulsions, Tetany, Arrhythmias. *Calcium/Phosphorous levels are inversely proportional. |
Increased excitability of nerves and sustained muscle contraction
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Magnesium (Mg+)
Where found: Serum levels: Function: |
-ICF, Bones
-1.5-2.5 mEq/L -Neuromuscular transmission, Cardiac function Excreted by kidneys |
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Hypermagnesemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Advanced renal failure, Increase of Mg+ WITH renal failure.
Hypoactive DTRs, Decreased BP & Temp, Resp. failure, Coma, Flushed red skin, Lethargy, Drowsiness, |
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Hypomagnesemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Chronic alcoholism, Pancreatitis (dec. absorption), Burns, Excessive losses thru GI tract, Prolonged IV feeding w/out Mg+ supp.
Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Agitation, Muscle Tremors, Confusion, Hallucinations, Mood changes, Dysrrhythmias |
High type symptoms
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Phosphate (PO4-3)
Where found: Serum levels: Function: (Chloride Cl- & Bicarbonate HCO3- are the other two anions) |
-ICF/ECF (but it's the primary IC anion)
-2.8-4.5 mEq/L -Production of ATP, RBC function, Vital for O2 delivery to tissues, Nervous system fx, Muscle fx., Metabolism of Fats, Carbs & Protein *It is deposited with Ca+ for bone/teeth formation. Absorbed in jejunum w/Calcium & excreted in kidneys |
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Hyperphosphatemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Renal failure, Chemotherapy, Excessive ingestion of milk, Direct injury to muscle tissue (exercise), Fleet laxative.
*Calcium/Phosphorous levels are inversely affected. Tetany, Neuromuscular irritability, Anorexia, N/V |
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Hypophosphatemia
Causes: Symptoms: |
Malabsorption Syndromes, Malnutrition, Alcoholism/ withdrawal, Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Only when chronic: Depression, confusion, seizures, Hemolytic anemia, Chest pain, Memory loss, Bone pain |
Alcohol inhibits absorption of minerals
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