Fixes

Front 1

as many/much/long as ~

i know as many as 8000 kanji.

Back 1

mo(2)-a marker that indicates emphasis


mo(2)

Front 2

because of

1/2. windows could not start because
of a disk hardware failure.

Back 2

de(3)-indicates a weak casual relationship
tame ni-a noun that indicates a benefit, a purpose, a
reason or a cause

de(3)/tame (ni)

Front 3

(not) ~ either

you cant buy fish in this town. You cant
buy it in the next town either.

Back 3

mo(1)-indicates that a proposition about the preceding
element X is also true when another similar proposition
is true.


mo(1)

Front 4

tokoro(2)
(card1)N1-3

Back 4

phr
[Vinf] tokoro da/[Vte] {iru/ita} tokoro da/[N] no tokoro
[adj(i) inf nonpast] tokoro/[adj(na)stem] na tokoro
N1-tokoro itself means "place" but it can also mean
state, or time when it is used with a modifying verb,adj
or noun|N2-verbs which precede tokoro are either past or
nonpast and either progressive or non-progressive, and
each one of the four verb forms expresses a different
aspect of the action.|N3-when the preceding verb is
nonpast and nonprogressive and the following copula
is in the past tense, the S may mean "s.o or s.t almost
did s.t". when tokoro datta means "almost did s.t" such
adverbs as "mou sukoshi de" "just by a little" and nearly
are often used also.|

Front 5

tokoro(2)
(card2)N4-5

Back 5

phr
[Vinf] tokoro da/[Vte] {iru/ita} tokoro da/[N] no tokoro
[adj(i) inf nonpast] tokoro/[adj(na)stem] na tokoro
N4-tokoro can be followed by either
the copula or such prts as o,ni,e,and de|N5-when adjs
or nouns with no precede tokoro, tokoro is usually
followed by a prt rather than the copula

Front 6

toki
(card1)N1-2

Back 6

n
[V/adj(i)][inf] toki/[adj(na)stem {na/datta} toki
[N] {no/datta} toki
N1-toki by itself means "time" but when used as a
dependent noun with a modifying phrase or clause it
means "at the time when" or "when"
N2-the clause preceding toki is a type of relative clause
therefore the basic rules for relative clauses apply to this
construction. the following two are particulary important
1-if the subject of the toki clause is diffrent from that of
the main clause, it is marked by ga 2-the predicate form
is usually informal except that da after adj(na)stem and
N changes to na and no respectively.

Front 7

toki
(card2)N3-5

Back 7

n
[V/adj(i)][inf] toki/[adj(na)stem {na/datta} toki
[N] {no/datta} toki N3-the prt ni after toki is optional. with
ni, time is emphasized and sometimes comes under
focus.|N4-if S2 in "S1 toki S2" is in the past tense and
S1 expresses a state, the tense of S1 can be either past
or nonpast|N5-when S1 in "S1 toki S2" expresses an
action, the meaning of the S changes depending on the
tenses of S1 and S2

Front 8

te form
(card1)N1-3

Back 8

te-form
N1-the te-form functions, in part, to link S's. that is if the
last element of the predicate of a clause is the te-form,
it means that that caluse is not the end of the S and that
another predicate or clause follows it|N2-the meaning of
the te-form varies according to context, but generally
corresponds to and or -ing in participal constructions
N3-when the te-form links two predicates, the
relationship between the two is often one of the following:
(A1:the action or state expressed by the first predicate
A2:the action or state expressed by the second
predicate) 1-A1 and A2 occur sequentially 2-A1 and A2
are two states of s.o or s.t 3-A1 is the reason for or the
cause of A2 (this usage is very common 4-A1 is the
means by which s.o does A2 or the manner in which s.o
does A2 5-A1 is constrasted with A2 6-A2 is
unexpected in terms of A1

Front 9

te form
(card2)N4-5

Back 9

te-form
N4-the te-form can be repeated more than once in
a clause. the te-form can list verbs and adjs exhaustively
N5-te-form verbs are also used with such expressions as
iru2, kara, and wa ikenai

Front 10

~ tari ~ tari suru
(card1)N1-3

Back 10

phr
[V/adj(i/na)/N+copula][inf past] ri (suru)
N1-the "X tari Y tari suru" construction generally
expresses an inexhaustive listings of actions or states.
"inexhaustive" means that in a given situation there may
be additional, unstated actions or states.(the exhaustive
listing of actions or states is expressed by the te-form)
N2-suru usually follows "X tari Y tari" regardless of the
part of speech of X and Y, and expresses the tense, the
aspect(e.g progressive,perfect) and the formality level of
the S|N3-this construction usually lists two actions or two
states, but it can list more than two actions or two states
sometimes only one action or state is listed in this
construction

Front 11

~ tari ~ tari suru
(card2)N4-5

Back 11

phr
[V/adj(i/na)/N+copula][inf past] ri (suru)
N4-if "X tari Y tari suru" is not the final
segment of a S and the predicate is an adj, suru may be
omitted. if the predicate is a verb, however suru cannot be
omitted|N5-a slightly diffrent pattern, "X tari Y tari da" is
also used in some situations. this pattern is used when a
speaker describes s.o's or s.t's inconstant state

Front 12

tara
(card1)N1-3

Back 12

conj
[V/adj(i/na)/N+copula][inf past] ra
N1-the meaining of S1 tara S2 varies depending on the
cotents of S1 and S2 and also on the situation in which
this construction is used. however, S1 always represents
an antecedent and S2 a subsequence. if the relation
doesnt hold this construction cannot be used.
N2-In S1 tara S2, it is often the case that S1 represents
a condition and S2 event which occurs under that
condition. therefore, the whole S basically means "when
S1 is satisfied S2 takes place" or "S1 brings about S2"
N3-tara may mean "when" in one case and "if" in another
tara means "when" if S1 is a certainty, if not tara means
"if". moshi before S1 tara makes S's unambigious, it
always means "if S1"

Front 13

tara
(card2)N4-6

Back 13

conj
[V/adj(i/na)/N+copula][inf past] ra
N4-in S1 tara S2 can be a
command, a request, a suggestion, an invitation, or
a volitional S|N5-S1 tara S2 can also be used in
counterfactual situations|N6-when S2 in "S1 tara S2"
represents a past action, the action cannot be one
intentionally taken by the agent after the action or
event represented by S1

Front 14

tai
(card1)N1

Back 14

aux adj(i)
[Vmasu] tai
N1-Since Vmasu tai expresses a very personal feeling
it its usually used only for the first person in declarative
S's and for the second person in interrogative S's. for the
third person "Vmasu ta gatte iru" "is showing signs of
wanting to do s.t" is used. Vmasu tai is used with the
third person is acceptable however in the following:
1-in the past tense 2-in indirect/semi direct speech
3-in explanatory situations 4-in conjecture expressions

Front 15

tai
(card2)N2-4

Back 15

aux adj(i)
[Vmasu] tai
N2-in some situations, if the verb in Vmasu tai is a
transitive verb the direct object can be marked either by
ga or o. in general the choice between ga and o seems
to depend on the degree of desire, that is when the
desire to do s.t is high ga is preferred, when low o is
used under the following conditions ga cannot be used
even if the degree of desire is high 1-when a long
element intervenes between the direct object and the
verb 2-when the main verb is in the passive form 3-when
the preceding noun is not the direct object|N3-in the
construction "Vmasu ta gatte iru" ga can never be used
to mark the direct object.|N4-Vmasu tai cannot be used
to express an invitation

Front 16

yo
(card1)N1-3

Back 16

prt
N1-in this construction the S preceding yo can be any inf
or formal S except a question|N2-a S preceding yo can
be an inf or a formal request. when yo is used in this way
the S becomes more forceful.|N3-another S-final prt may
be attached to S yo, yielding the meaning "i assert S
and dont you agree?" "S yo ne" is used when the
speaker wishes to mitigate the force of his assertion
by talking as if the content of S were also known to the
hearer. S yo ne can also be used when the speaker is
addressing s.o who doesnt know about an asserted
fact and there is another person nearby who is aware
of it. In such circumstances, the speaker asks the
person who shares the asserted fact for his agreement
at the end of the S

Front 17

yo
(card2)N4-5

Back 17

prt
N4-in nonpolite, informal speech
sex diffrences are expressed by a combination of yo and
the female speech markers wa and no|N5-in contrast to
yo ne is used when the speaker and the hearer share
some specific info

Front 18

saseru
(card1)N1

Back 18

aux v gr2
gr 1 verbs [Vneg] seru/gr 2 verbs [Vstem] saseru
irr verbs kuru-kosaseru suru-saseru
N1-in the causative construction the causer is usually
marked by wa in main clauses and by ga in sub clauses.
when the main verb is an intransitive verb, the causee is
marked by either o or ni. the choice between the two prt's
depends on the following rule: when ni is used the causee
has taken an action intentionally. o can be used
regardless of the causee's volition

Front 19

saseru
(card2)N2*N4**N7

Back 19

aux v gr2
gr 1 verbs [Vneg] seru/gr 2 verbs [Vstem] saseru
irr verbs kuru-kosaseru suru-saseru
N2-if the main verb is a transitive verb, the causee can
be marked only by ni, because o can not appear more
than once in a clause thus when the verb is transitive ni
is acceptable even if the causee is not willing to take the
action|N3|N4-in causative S the causer must be equal to
or higher than the causee in terms of status|N5|N6|
N7-causative-passive verbs, which are used in
causative-passive S are constructed by affixing the
passive verb ending rareru to causative verb stems

Front 20

hou ga ~yori
(card1)N1-2

Back 20

phr
[N] no hou ga [N] yori/[V/adj (i)][inf] hou ga;[V/adj (i)]
[inf nonpast] yori/[adj (na) stem] {na/datta} hou ga;
[adj (na) stem] na yori/[N] {de aru/datta} hou ga;[N] de
aru yori |N1-the idea of comparision is expressed by the
"X no hou ga Y yori" pattern. "Y yori may be omitted if it
is clear from the context.|N2-in the "S1 hou ga S2 yori"
pattern, S1 can be either nonpast or past. S2 is always
nonpast regardless of the tense of S1 and the main
clause.S1 can be past when the whole S is about a
present or future action or state. S1 can also be past
if the whole S is about a past action or state

Front 21

hou ga ~yori
(card2)N3

Back 21

phr
[N] no hou ga [N] yori/[V/adj (i)][inf] hou ga;[V/adj (i)]
[inf nonpast] yori/[adj (na) stem] {na/datta} hou ga;
[adj (na) stem] na yori/[N] {de aru/datta} hou ga;[N] de
aru yori
N3-Y yori can precede X (no) hou ga|N4-X no hou is a
noun phrase therefore it can also be a direct object,an
indirect object,etc however when it is used for something
other than the subject, the "Y yori X no hou (o,ni etc)"
is preferable.

Front 22

dai
*N2****

Back 22

prt
[adj (na) stem/N] dai/[V/adj (i)][inf] n dai
[adj (na) stem/N] {na/datta} n dai/N1|N2-when used with
interrogative, the sentences must be WH-questions. for
yes-no questions kai is used.|N3|N4|N5|N6