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34 Cards in this Set
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Acanthuridae: the Surgeonfishes Named for sharp spines on caudal peduncle Distribution: tropical, coral reefs Size: 15-40 cm, colorful, stripes along fins Body form: compress, small ctenoid scales, small mouth with single row of teeth, continuous dorsal and anal fin Swimming: alternates between BCF and MPF Diet: diurnal grazers on benthic algae Reproduction: Pelagic Spawners |
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Apongonidae: cardinalfish Swimming: BCF undulation, pelvic fins forward, emphasis on steering surfaces Feeding:nocturnal, eat zooplankton and some benthic crustacians Body Shape: typical/perciform, large eyes, large mouth, prominant scales, up to 20 cm Color: modest reds and grays, some stripped or have eye stripes and false eyespots |
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Aulostomidae: trumpetfishes Swimming: BCF undulation, often swim vertically Feeding:diurnal, ambush prey, feed on small schooling reef fish Body Shape:elongate, tubular body and snout, small jaws Color: dark brown to olive green, yellow, some have stripes, black dots |
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Balistidae: triggerfishes Swimming:MPF, undulation of second dorsal and anal fins Feeding:generally feed on echinoderms- creatures with protective shells andspines. Some are planktivores Body Shape:deep, compressed bodies, eyes high on head, small terminalmouth, 2 dorsal fin spines prevent predators from eating them Color:brightly colored, often have lines and spots |
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Blenniidae: Combtooth blennies Swimming:Alternates between BCF undulating (rapid spurts) and MPF oscillations (minimal motion) Feeding: Majority of tropical blennies are herbivores. Fangblennies bite skin tissue and mucus from other fishes, comblike teeth in jaws Body Shape:Compressed, slender, elongate, and agile fish that lacks scales Color: Highly colourful, popular in aquarium hobby |
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Bothidae: flatfishes, left eye flounders Swimming:MPF oscillation; Swims on side flattened against the bottom. Anguilliform; undulation of body and/or caudal fin (BCF) Feeding:All are carnivorous, usually ambushing their prey of small fishes and crustaceans. Body Shape: A flat fish with both eyes on the left side in its adult form. Color:Masters of camouflage; can quickly change their color patter when moving to an environment of different color. |
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Carangidae (jacks, pompanos,andscads) Swimming:Feeding:fast-swimming predatory fishes that hunt in the waters above reefs and in the opensea; some dig in the sea floor for invertebrates. Body Shape:highly variable in shape, ranging from slender to deep-bodied; have a stronglyforked or lunate caudal fin and a slender peduncle Color: silvery |
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Family Chaetodontidae - Butterflyfishes Swimming:most commonly singly or in pairs, inhabiting shallow waters around coral reefs. Swimming motionis produced through the undulation of the pectoral fins. Feeding:some butterflyfishes feed upon small invertebrates or algae, others solely on coral polyps, and stillothers upon zooplankton Body Shape:deep, laterally compressed body, ctenoid scales that extend onto the soft-rayed portions of thedorsal and anal fins, and jaws that are elongated. The dorsal fin is continuous along the back and not dividedbetween the anterior spinous part and the spineless posterior portion.The tail may be rounded, truncated, oremarginated on its posterior border, but is never forked.They have small mouths with flexible, brush or combliketeeth. Color:has vivid stripes or markings in various shades of yellow, blue, red, orange, gold, brown, black andwhite. Many species also possess a dark stripe that runs through the eye that is characteristic toChaetodontidae Family Butterflyfishes |
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Family Cirrhitidae (Hawkfishes) Swimming:dart rapidly to prey on fishes and crustaceans Feeding:small fish and crustaceans Body Shape:large heads with thick, somewhat elongate bodies Color:brightly colored, often have lines and spots |
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Family Dactylopteridae (flying gurnards) Swimming:Swims slowly near the ground; can "walk" on ocean floor by alternating movement ofpelvic fins Feeding:Feed on sand-dwelling invertebrates (crustaceans, clams, etc.) and some small fishBody Shape:Depressed body, huge pectoral fins, head large and blunt with bones forming a"helmet" Color:Mostly drab-colored, brownish; many spots on pectoral fins. Undersides of pectoral fins arebrightly colored, perhaps to startle predators. |
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Family: Kyphosidae (Sea Chubs, Half Moons, Nibblers, Opaleyes,Rudderfishes) Swimming:BCF undulation Feeding:most are omnivorous, but feed mostly on benthic algae. 1 Pacificspecies is a mid-water zooplanktivore Body Shape:moderately deep bodied, compressed, small head, small terminalmouth, continuous dorsal fin, pelvic fins behind pectorals, small rough scales,concave forked tail Color:most are dull with some exceptions |
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Gobiidae“Gobies” Swimming:BCF undulation. They're "dart swimmers" Feeding:feed mostly on small inverts Body Shape:small, elongate fish with blunt heads Color: as a family have a very wide range of coloration, from dull earth shades tovibrant neon colors |
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Family Eleotrididae - Sleepers Swimming:They have a darting method of swimming and usually remain on or close to the substrate. Feeding:The diet consists primarily of benthic invertebrates, particularly crustaceans. Larvae feed on zooplankton. Body Shape:elongate body, similar head shape, two separate dorsal fins, and absence of a lateral line. Color:Some have dull, brownish or dark coloration, while others are colorful |
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Family Lutjanidae ‐ Snappers Swimming:BCF undulation Feeding:Most predators of crustaceans and fish, some plank;vores. Body Shape: Continuous dorsal fin, moderate to large terminal mouth with large pointy teeth, emarginate tail, near fusiform shape Color: Most are gray or brown in color, some red. |
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Family Lethrinidae‐ Emperors Swimming: MPF‐Sculling Feeding:Bottom feeders‐many eat shelled inverts like mollusks or crabs Body Shape:Emarginate tail, near fusiform shape, continuous dorsal fin, terminal (inferior) mouth (many with molariform teeth), large eyes Color:Silver, grey, brown |
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Family Mullidae (Goatfishes) Swimming:BCF undulation Feeding:eat small fish and inverts Body Shape:characterized by elongate body, small mouth, forked tail, barbels with chemosensory organs dig in sand and probe in holes for prey Color |
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Diodontidae - Porcupinefishes Swimming:MPF swimming, uses anal and dorsal fin, oscillates tailfin Feeding:Typically feed on hard-shelled invertebrates; can crush shellsusing molariform teeth.Body Shape:All can inflate by sucking in water when threatened• Body covered in heavy spines• Rounded tail, globular form when inflated, fusiform whendeflated Color |
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Mugilidae – (Grey) Mullets Swimming:BCF undulation Feeding:Detritus and algae on sediment surface, occasionally small inverts Body Shape:Slightly elongate, small triangular mouth, 2 separate dorsal fins, lacking later line Color:silvery on sides, sometimes have dark or yellow areas |
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Holocentridae (Squirrelfish & Soldierfish) Swimming:BCF undulation swimming, carangiform for darting into crevices Feeding:squirrelfishes (small fishes or benthic invertebrates); soldierfishes (zooplankton), nocturnal Body Shape:deep‐bodied; fusiform; large eyes and mouth; large/rough ctenoid scales, forked caudal fin, Dorsal fin long with 10‐13 spines and a notched so U‐rayed part with 11‐17 rays, terminal mouth Color:most dominated by red and silvery colors |
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Muraenidae Swimming:Anguilliform; BCF, but mostly use of body. Feeding:Lie-in-wait predators that lunge out and grab prey that passes by. Willeat crustaceans, cephalopods and other mollusks, and fish. Have pharyngeal jawsbecause their head is too narrow to generate negative pressure and “suck” prey in. Body Shape:Anguilliform, with most species lacking pectoral and pelvic fins.Dorsal fin starts right behind the head and joins with caudal and anal fins. Lackscales; instead secrete mucous from the skin. Color:Often camouflaged, so different patterns of brown, blacks, greens andwhite colors are present and vary by species. The inside of the mouth is alsocamouflaged. |
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Pinguipedidae – Sandperches Swimming:MPF rowing, BCF undulation is possible Feeding:Inverts and other small fish Body Shape: Elongate, truncate or lunate caudal fin, pelvic insertion before or below pectoral base Color:Most have stripes or bands, colors vary greatly |
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RAYSOrder: Rajiformes Swimming:Not like normal fish, flap large pectoral fins and use them to glide through water. Feeding:Mostly benthic fish and invertebrates with the exception of manta rays which feed pelagically onplankton. Body Shape:Most Rajiformes have a flat, disk-like body, and many species of batoid have developed theirpectoral fins into broad flat wing-like appendages. The anal fin is absent. The eyes and spiracles arelocated on top of the head. Color:Often darker on top lighter underneath. Sometimes spotted. |
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Family Scaridae ( Parrotish) Swimming:Occur in large, often mixed‐species schools that travel over a wide area of reef during daytime. Some are territorial, occurring in smaller groups. Primarily use pectorals to swim, occasionally engaging tail to achieve higher speeds. Feeding:Graze on the thin algal film or stubble that grows on bare coral rock, scraping off part of the soU rock with each bite. Pharyngeal mill used to grind food against scraping of coral rock. Body Shape:Deep, moderately elongate, thick cycloid scales, large unnotched dorsal fin, large cycloid scales, a con(nuous lateral line, terminal mouth with beak‐like den((on, well‐developed pharyngeal mill. Color: Ini(al phase is dull red/ brown/ grey, terminal phase is vivid green/ blue with pink/ yellow patches. Juveniles of some species can change color to mimic other species. |
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Family: Ostraciidae: Boxfish Swimming:Ostraciform, MPF, “rowing” with larger pectoral fins, steering with caudal fin Feeding:Feed on algae and invertebrates (benthic), use suction to pick small invertebrates off reef Body Shape: Box‐like, fused hexagonal plate scales, often with two spines from head and/or a dorsal spine Color: Juveniles more brightly colored than adults, “honeycomb” patterns |
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Family Labridae - Wrasses Swimming: MPF sculling, high maneuverability Feeding:Most wrasses are carnivores of benthic invertebrates or fishes, butsome are planktivores, corallivores, or cleaners that feed on ectoparasites ofother fishes Body Shape:Terminal protractile mouth, usually thick lips and one or morepairs of protruding canine teeth. Elongated bodies with a continuous orinterrupted lateral line and a single unnotched dorsal fin (8-21 spines), analfin generally has 3-6 spines. Color: Most species have complex and often brilliant color patterns thatchange with growth or sex |
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Siganidae(Rabbit fish) Swimming:MPF (and BCF for short spurts) Live among reef so highly maneuverable. Use pectoral and pelvic fins mostly. Caudal for extended propulsion. Truncate and emarginate caudal fins Feeding:Herbivorous. Feed on benthic algae and seagrasses Body Shape:Grow to about 40 cm. Have sloping face to small, protruding terminal mouths. Large Dark eyes. Highly compressed and deep body shape. ORen pelvic fins are formed from two spines with 3 soR rays between them. Dorsal fins bear spines (~13) and anal too (~7) which have venom glands. Color |
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Pomacentridae Damselfish Swimming:usually MPF Feeding:Body Shape:laterally compressed, orbiculate to elongate body form Color |
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Synodontidae (Lizardfishes) Swimming:BCF for quick bursts of speed, mostly sedentary on the substrate. Feeding:Voracious predators of small fishes. Body Shape:Small cylindrical fishes with reptile‐like head, spineless fins, and large mouth full of slender sharp teeth, even on tongue. Color: Have body colors that help to camouflage against substrate. |
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Family: Tetradontidae: Puffers Swimming:MPF‐Ostraciform, swims with larger pectoral fins, steers with anal and dorsal fins Feeding: Feed on a variety of benthic invertebrates and algae Body Shape:Compressed (normal) larger head tapers to smaller tail at caudal peduncle, when inflated: round, globular, spherical: Color: Often drab or spotted, can be bright (as a warning and some species can change color to adapt to environmental changes |
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Family ZanclidaeMoorish Idol Swimming:BCF undulation for swimming, uses pectoral fins to maneuver. Feeding:Sponges, tunicates and other benthic invertebrates Body Shape:Body white anteriorly and yellow posteriorly, two broad black bars. Caudal fin black with whitesubmarginal band. Color: Body white anteriorly and yellow posteriorly, two broad black bars. Caudal fin black with whitesubmarginal band. |
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Syngnathidae (Pipefishes & Sea Horses) Swimming:MPF, rapidly vibrate dorsal or pectoral fins. Feeding:Feed on minute invertebrates sucked into a tubular snout. Body Shape:Pipefishes: Anguilliform; Seahorses: ?. Color: Some very colorful, others highly camouflaged. |
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Pomacanthidae (Angelfishes) Swimming:Highly maneuverable, adapted for complex environments; primarily uses pectoral fins Feeding:Varies by genus; includes zooplankton, algae, sponges, tunicates, bryozoans, hydroids Body Shape:Compressiform ; streamer‐like extensions of the soft dorsal & anal fins; small mouths; relatively large pectoral fins; rounded to lunate tail fins; strong preopercle s pines Color: All colors of the rainbow are seen across different species/morphs |
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ScorpaenidaeScorpionfish (and Lionfish) Swimming: MPF Highly maneuverable. Use pectoral fins mostly. Uses BCF in short bursts Feeding: Terminal Mouth. Crustaceans, cephalopods, and small fish. Use vacuum to suck prey in. Also use large fins to corner prey then swallow whole. Late A`ernoon to dawn Body Shape:Globular. Large stout body with heavily ridged and spiny head. Large mouth. Venomous spines on their dorsal (11‐17), anal, and pectoral fins (11‐25 rays comprising fin). Color: Can change color to better match their surroundings. |
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Family Serranidae – Groupers Swimming:Blend of MPF and BCF. Feeding:Large terminal mouth. Creates vacuum. Several rows of sharp teeth including sharp canine teeth from lower jaw. All are carnivorous. Some only feed on zooplankton, majority on fish and crustaceans. Body Shape:Robust/compressed, large mouths, and small spines on gill coverings. Color: Variable. |
