First Year Linguistics Partial Review (Consonants, Vowels, Natural Classes...)

Front 1

voiceless bilabial stop

Back 1

p

Front 2

voiced bilabial stop

Back 2

b

Front 3

voiceless bilabial fricative

Back 3

ɸ

Front 4

voiced bilabial fricative

Back 4

β

Front 5

voiced bilabial nasal

Back 5

m

Front 6

voiceless labiodental fricative

Back 6

f

Front 7

voiced labiodental fricative

Back 7

v

Front 8

voiceless dental fricative

Back 8

ɵ

Front 9

voiced dental fricative

Back 9

ð

Front 10

voiceless alveolar stop

Back 10

t

Front 11

voiced alveolar stop

Back 11

d

Front 12

voiceless alveolar fricative

Back 12

s

Front 13

voiced alveolar fricative

Back 13

z

Front 14

voiced alveolar nasal

Back 14

n

Front 15

voiced alveolar flap

Back 15

ɾ

Front 16

voiceless alveolar liquid

Back 16

l̥

Front 17

voiced alveolar liquid

Back 17

l

Front 18

voiceless alveopalatal fricative

Back 18

ʃ

Front 19

voiced alveopalatal fricative

Back 19

ʒ

Front 20

voiced palatal glide

Back 20

j

Front 21

voiceless velar glide

Back 21

ʍ

Front 22

voiced velar glide

Back 22

w

Front 23

voiceless velar stop

Back 23

k

Front 24

voiced velar stop

Back 24

g

Front 25

voiceless velar nasal

Back 25

ŋ

Front 26

voiceless glottal stop

Back 26

ʔ

Front 27

voiceless glottal fricative

Back 27

h

Front 28

high front tense unrounded vowel

Back 28

i

Front 29

high front lax unrounded vowel

Back 29

ɪ

Front 30

mid front tense unrounded vowel

Back 30

e

Front 31

mid front lax unrounded vowel

Back 31

ɛ

Front 32

low front lax unrounded vowel

Back 32

æ

Front 33

high front tense rounded vowel

Back 33

y

Front 34

A lag before a vowel that is accompanied by a small release of air is termed ____________________________.

Back 34

aspiration

Front 35

Aspiration is characterized in IPA by what symbol?

Back 35

ʰ

Front 36

Which sounds can be aspirated?

Back 36

The voiceless stops, p, t, k.

Front 37

The study of of examining the inventory and structure of the sounds of speech is called ____________________.

Back 37

phonetics

Front 38

What is the most widely recognized system for transcription, and what year did it begin to develop?

Back 38

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), 1888

Front 39

What type of symbol is used to indicate that transcription is phonetic, and does not represent the spelling system of any particular language?

Back 39

[ ]

Front 40

Individual phones are called _____________________.

Back 40

segments

Front 41

Every language makes its own particular selection from the range of possible speech sounds and organizes them into a system of contrasts and patterns. This system makes up a language's _________________.

Back 41

phonology

Front 42

Segments are grouped together into larger structural units known as _____________.

Back 42

syllables

Front 43

A(n) ___________________________ consists of two words with distinct meanings that differ by only one segment in the same position.

Back 43

minimal pair

Front 44

Are win and wing a minimal pair?

Back 44

Yes, because they only differ by one segment, and obviously have different meanings.

Front 45

When two sounds occur in non-overlapping, mutually exclusive environments, they are said to be in ____________________________.

Back 45

complementary distribution

Front 46

A ___________________ is a class of phonetically similar sounds that do not contrast with each other.

Back 46

phoneme

Front 47

The sounds that make up phonemes are called ________________________.

Back 47

allophones

Front 48

At the phonemic level, symbols are enclosed in ____________________.

Back 48

slashes

Front 49

Allophones are enclosed in _____________________.

Back 49

square brackets

Front 50

Do allophones of the same phoneme contrast with each other.

Back 50

No, allophones of the same phoneme do not contrast with each other, but allophones of different phonemes do contrast with each other.

Front 51

If you can't find a single minimal pair, it is sometimes possible to find a ____________________.

Back 51

Near minimal pair. Near minimal pairs differ by more then one segment, but only if the segments are not right beside each other. Moreover, the second difference cannot be right beside the first differing segment.

Front 52

In English, ______________ have voiceless allophones after voiceless stops, and voiced allophones elsewhere.

Back 52

liquids

Front 53

The phenomena where the vowel portions of the diphthongs /aj/ and /aw/ raises to /ʌ/ in certain positions is called ____________________________.

Back 53

Canadian raising. In Canadian raising, [ʌj] occurs before voiceless consonants, and [aj] occurs everywhere else.

Front 54

It is common for vowels to be nasalized when they occur near ____________________.

Back 54

Nasal consonants. This happens in front of a nasal consonant, but not after it.

Front 55

The ____________ is the backbone of every syllable.

Back 55

nucleus

Front 56

Usually, the nuclei in the vast majority of languages, have to be ______________ or _________________.

Back 56

vowels, diphthongs

Front 57

All languages allow an _______ consisting of at least one consonants to the left of the nucleus.

Back 57

onset

Front 58

Many languages permit a ___________ consisting of one or more consonants to the right of the nucleus.

Back 58

coda

Front 59

In core syllables, ___________ rises before the nucleus and decline after the nucleus. This is called ______________.

Back 59

sonority, The Sonority Requirement

Front 60

On the sonority scale, obstruents have a sonority of ____.

Back 60

0

Front 61

On the sonority scale, nasals have a sonority of ____.

Back 61

1

Front 62

On the sonority scale, liquids have a sonority of ____.

Back 62

2

Front 63

On the sonority scale, glides have a sonority of ___.

Back 63

3

Front 64

On the sonority scale, vowels have a sonority of ____.

Back 64

4

Front 65

There is _______ sonority within the onset, and ________ sonority within the coda.

Back 65

rising, falling

Front 66

The Binarity Requirement says that within constituent can be at most, ____________________.

Back 66

binary, or branching. This means that there can't be more than two consonants in an onset or coda.

Front 67

Extra consonants tend to occur at ___________.

Back 67

word edges. This means that extra consonants show up either at the beginning or the end of words.

Front 68

In English, only ___ can serve as an extra consonant in onsets.

Back 68

/s/. This shows up in words like stream, split, scream.

Front 69

In coda position, the extra consonant is always _____________ and made with the tip of the tongue.

Back 69

voiceless

Front 70

___________________ are groups of sounds with similar properties.

Back 70

natural classes

Front 71

high front lax rounded vowel

Back 71

ʏ

Front 72

mid front tense rounded vowel

Back 72

∅

Front 73

mid front lax rounded vowel

Back 73

œ

Front 74

mid central reduced/lax unrounded vowel

Back 74

ə

Front 75

mid central lax unrounded vowel

Back 75

ʌ

Front 76

low back tense unrounded vowel

Back 76

ɑ

Front 77

high back tense rounded vowel

Back 77

u

Front 78

high back lax rounded vowel

Back 78

ʊ

Front 79

mid back tense rounded vowel

Back 79

o

Front 80

mid back lax rounded vowel

Back 80

ɔ

Front 81

____________________ is a process that reorders a sequence of segments.

Back 81

metathesis. This makes the words easier to articulate.

Front 82

In many languages, the articulation of vowels may move to a more central position when the vowels are unstressed. This process is known as ___________________________.

Back 82

vowel reduction

Front 83

Typically, the outcome of vowel reduction is the _________.

Back 83

schwa

Front 84

_____________________ is a process that inserts a syllabic or a non-syllabic segment within an existing string of segments.

Back 84

epenthesis

Front 85

__________________ is a process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts. It usually occurs in everyday repaid speech.

Back 85

deletion. Usually, it is the schwa that is deleted during rapid speech, and when the next vowel in the word is stressed.

Front 86

___________________ is the opposite of assimilation, results in two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory or acoustic terms.

Back 86

dissimilation

Front 87

The process by which one segment influences another segment to become more like it.

Back 87

assimilation

Front 88

______________________________ is a process by which a segment influences a segment before it.

Back 88

regressive assimilation

Front 89

______________________________ is a process by which a segment influences a segment after it.

Back 89

progressive assimilation

Front 90

Articulatory adjustments that occur during the production of connected speech are called ______________.

Back 90

processes

Front 91

English stressed vowels are higher in __________, ______________, and _______________ the result is perceived prominence.

Back 91

pitch, loudness, and length

Front 92

How many consonant combinations are there in English?

Back 92

19

Front 93

How many possible 2 and 3 consonant combinations are there in total?

Back 93

24

Front 94

New words will conform to the ___________________ of a language.

Back 94

phonotactics

Front 95

Are all languages equal as systems of communication?

Back 95

yes

Front 96

Are many linguistic properties universal?

Back 96

yes

Front 97

Are native speakers "taught" the rules of their language?

Back 97

no

Front 98

Can syllabic liquids and nasals function as the main part, or nucleus of a syllable?

Back 98

yes

Front 99

Is vowel length contrastive in English?

Back 99

no

Front 100

Is consonant length contrastive in English?

Back 100

no

Front 101

Is nasalization of vowels in English contrastive?

Back 101

no

Front 102

A natural class can be based on...

Back 102

- point of articulation
- manner of articulation
- acoustic properties

Front 103

[ p t k ] is part of what natural class?

Back 103

voiceless stops

Front 104

[ p t k b d g ] is part of what natural class?

Back 104

stops

Front 105

[ ɸ β f v θ ð ʃ ʒ ] is part of what natural class?

Back 105

fricatives

Front 106

[ ʧ ʤ ts dz ] is part of what natural class?

Back 106

affricates

Front 107

What is an obstruent?

Back 107

a stop, fricative, or affricate

Front 108

[ p t k f θ ɸ s ʃ h ʧ ] is part of what natural class?

Back 108

voiceless obstruents

Front 109

[ p b β ɸ m ] is part of what natural class?

Back 109

bilabials

Front 110

[ p b f v β ɸ m ] is part of what natural class?

Back 110

labials

Front 111

[ j w ] is part of what natural class?

Back 111

glides

Front 112

[ l r ] is part of what natural class?

Back 112

liquids

Front 113

[ m n ɲ ŋ ] is part of what natural class?

Back 113

nasals

Front 114

[ l r j w ] is part of what natural class?

Back 114

approximants

Front 115

What does the natural class of approximants consist of?

Back 115

liquids and glides

Front 116

[ l r j w m n a ɛ ɪ o u ] is part of what natural class?

Back 116

sonorants

Front 117

What does the natural class of sonorants consist of?

Back 117

liquids, glides, and vowels

Front 118

[ s z ʃ ʒ ʧ ʤ ] is part of what natural class?

Back 118

sibilants/stridents

Front 119

[ f v s z l r j w i ɛ e æ o u ] is part of what natural class?

Back 119

continuants

Front 120

What does the natural class of continuants consist of?

Back 120

fricatives, liquids, glides, and vowels, which are produced with a relatively open vocal tract

Front 121

[ i ɪ ɛ e æ ] is part of what natural class?

Back 121

front vowels

Front 122

[ i ɪ y ʏ u ] is part of what natural class?

Back 122

high vowels

Front 123

[ y ʏ u o ɔ ] is part of what natural class?

Back 123

rounded vowels

Front 124

[ æ a ɑ] is part of what natural class?

Back 124

low vowels

Front 125

[i ɛ e æ o u m̩ n̩] is part of what natural class?

Back 125

syllabic segments

Front 126

What is the control of tension in the vocal cords, accompanied with air pressure through the glottis?

Back 126

pitch

Front 127

What causes higher pitch?

Back 127

more tension and more air pressure

Front 128

When talking about ___________ differences in pitch are contrastive.

Back 128

tone

Front 129

When talking about _________________ differences in pitch are not contrastive.

Back 129

intonation

Front 130

English has _______________, but not tone.

Back 130

intonation. Pitch does not change the meanings of words in English.

Front 131

Moving tones on a single vowel is called _____________.

Back 131

contour tones

Front 132

What is a sibilant?

Back 132

A sibilant is a sound that is characterized by a hissing sound.

Front 133

voiceless alveopalatal affricate

Back 133

t͡ʃ

Front 134

voiced alveopalatal affricate

Back 134

d͡ʒ

Front 135

Do languages (grammars) deteriorate over time?

Back 135

no

Front 136

transcribe: accept

Back 136

[ɛksɛpt]

Front 137

transcribe: agitate

Back 137

[æd͡ʒɪtejt]

Front 138

transcribe: assume

Back 138

[əsuwm]

Front 139

transcribe: annouce

Back 139

[ənawns]

Front 140

transcribe: axes

Back 140

[æksəz]

Front 141

transcribe: bargain

Back 141

[bɑrgən]

Front 142

transcribe: bicycle

Back 142

[bajsəkəl]

Front 143

transcribe: bottom

Back 143

[bɑɾəm]

Front 144

transcribe: called

Back 144

[kʰɑld]

Front 145

transcribe: cheese

Back 145

[t͡ʃijz]

Front 146

transcribe: choices

Back 146

[t͡ʃɔjsəz]

Front 147

transcribe: church

Back 147

[t͡ʃərt͡ʃ]

Front 148

transcribe: comedy

Back 148

[kʰɑməɾij]

Front 149

transcribe: copper

Back 149

[kʰɑpər]

Front 150

transcribe: cosmetic

Back 150

[kʰɑzmɛɾɪk]

Front 151

transcribe: costume

Back 151

[kʰɑʃt͡ʃuwm]

Front 152

transcribe: counter

Back 152

[kʰawntər]

Front 153

transcribe: creator

Back 153

[kʰrijejɾər]

Front 154

transcribe: excellent

Back 154

[ɛksələnt]

Front 155

transcribe: eyes

Back 155

[ajz]

Front 156

transcribe: floor

Back 156

[flɔr]

Front 157

transcribe: forgivable

Back 157

[fərgɪvəbəl]

Front 158

transcribe: forgive

Back 158

[fərgɪv]

Front 159

transcribe: fusion

Back 159

[fjuwʒən]

Front 160

transcribe: immune

Back 160

[ɪmjuwn]

Front 161

transcribe: interesting

Back 161

[ɪntərɛstɪŋ]

Front 162

transcribe: ladders

Back 162

[læɾərz]

Front 163

transcribe: later

Back 163

[lejɾər]

Front 164

transcribe: leather

Back 164

[lɛðər]

Front 165

transcribe: lemonade

Back 165

[lɛmənejd]

Front 166

transcribe: louder

Back 166

[lawɾər]

Front 167

transcribe: luck

Back 167

[lʌk]

Front 168

transcribe: machine

Back 168

[məʃijn]

Front 169

transcribe: masculine

Back 169

[mæskjəlɪn]

Front 170

transcribe: matter

Back 170

[mæɾər]

Front 171

transcribe: measure

Back 171

[mɛʒər]

Front 172

transcribe: mention

Back 172

[mɛnʃən]

Front 173

transcribe: mentioning

Back 173

[mɛnʃənɪŋ]

Front 174

transcribe: Mexico

Back 174

[mɛksəkow]

Front 175

transcribe: motorcycle

Back 175

[mowɾərsajkəl]

Front 176

transcribe: music

Back 176

[mjuwzɪk]

Front 177

transcribe: musical

Back 177

[mjuwzəkəl]

Front 178

transcribe: musician

Back 178

[mjuwzɪʃən]

Front 179

transcribe: mutter

Back 179

[mʌɾər]

Front 180

transcribe: nation

Back 180

[nejʃən]

Front 181

transcribe: once

Back 181

[wʌns]

Front 182

transcribe: others

Back 182

[ʌðərz]

Front 183

transcribe: oven

Back 183

[ʌvən]

Front 184

transcribe: paddle

Back 184

[pʰæɾəl]

Front 185

transcribe: peaceful

Back 185

[pʰijsfəl]

Front 186

transcribe: pipe

Back 186

[pʰajp]

Front 187

transcribe: pleasant

Back 187

[pʰlɛzənt]

Front 188

transcribe: pleasing

Back 188

[pʰlijzɪŋ]

Front 189

transcribe: pleasure

Back 189

[pʰlɛʒər]

Front 190

transcribe: portion

Back 190

[pʰɔrʃən]

Front 191

transcribe: possible

Back 191

[pʰɑsəbəl]

Front 192

transcribe: precious

Back 192

[pʰrɛʃəs]

Front 193

transcribe: prizes

Back 193

[pʰrajzəz]

Front 194

transcribe: quality

Back 194

[kʰwɑləɾij]

Front 195

transcribe: question

Back 195

[kʰwɛst͡ʃən]

Front 196

transcribe: relax

Back 196

[rəlæks]

Front 197

transcribe: rooster

Back 197

[ruwstər]

Front 198

transcribe: sequence

Back 198

[sijkwəns]

Front 199

transcribe: shatter

Back 199

[ʃæɾər]

Front 200

transcribe: shutter

Back 200

[ʃʌɾər]

Front 201

transcribe: singer

Back 201

[sɪŋər]

Front 202

transcribe: softened

Back 202

[sɑfənd]

Front 203

transcribe: spatter

Back 203

[spæɾər]

Front 204

transcribe: square

Back 204

[skwɛr]

Front 205

transcribe: station

Back 205

[stejʃən]

Front 206

transcribe: statue

Back 206

[stæt͡ʃuw]

Front 207

transcribe: strong

Back 207

[strɑŋ]

Front 208

transcribe: stuff

Back 208

[stʌf]

Front 209

transcribe: sugar

Back 209

[ʃʊgər]

Front 210

transcribe: Swedish

Back 210

[swijɾɪʃ]

Front 211

transcribe: taught

Back 211

[tʰɑt]

Front 212

transcribe: therefore

Back 212

[ðɛrfɔr]

Front 213

transcribe: thinking

Back 213

[θɪnkɪŋ]

Front 214

transcribe: thorough

Back 214

[θərow]

Front 215

transcribe: thought

Back 215

[θɑt]

Front 216

transcribe: thumb

Back 216

[θʌm]

Front 217

transcribe: trucks

Back 217

[tʰrʌks]

Front 218

transcribe: truthful

Back 218

[tʰruwθfʊl]

Front 219

transcribe: tubes

Back 219

[tʰuwbz]

Front 220

transcribe: unit

Back 220

[juwnɪt]

Front 221

transcribe: universal

Back 221

[juwnɪvərsəl]

Front 222

transcribe: universe

Back 222

[juwnɪvərs]

Front 223

transcribe: useful

Back 223

[juwsfəl]

Front 224

transcribe: usual

Back 224

[juwʒəwəl]

Front 225

transcribe: voices

Back 225

[vɔjsəz]

Front 226

transcribe: walked

Back 226

[wɑkt]

Front 227

transcribe: weather

Back 227

[wɛðər]

Front 228

transcribe: worthy

Back 228

[wərðij]

Front 229

If a nasal sound is produced, air is allowed to ____________ through the ____________. (Velum is lowered_

Back 229

escape, nasal cavity

Front 230

What three criteria are consonants identified by?

Back 230

- voicing/voicelessness
- place of articulation (where airflow is modified)
- manner of articulation (how sounds are produced/how airflow is modified by degree and type of obstruction)

Front 231

Complete and momentary closure of airflow through the vocal tract makes a sound that is characterized as a _________________.

Back 231

stop

Front 232

These sounds are produced with continuous airflow.

Back 232

fricatives

Front 233

These sounds are produced by at first closing the vocal tract, and then a release and continuation of airflow.

Back 233

affricates

Front 234

Nasals are ________ from the point of view of oral articulation. They are classified separately because air ________ through the nasal cavity during their articulation. They are usually assumed to be _________ by default, but aren't always.

Back 234

stops, escapes, voiceless

Front 235

These sounds are characterized by when they are produced, air will escape through the sides of the tongue. They are usually assumed to be __________, but aren't always.

Back 235

For fill in the blank: voiced
This group of sounds is known as the liquids.

Front 236

______________ are semi-consonants/semi-vowels. They are assumed to be voiced.

Back 236

Glides

Front 237

Vowels are named for four characteristics. What are they?

Back 237

- height
- frontness
- roundness
- tension

Front 238

What is the study of articulatory phonetics?

Back 238

It studies the physiological mechanisms of speech production.

Front 239

What is the study of acoustic phonetics?

Back 239

The study of the physical properties of sounds as measured by machines.

Front 240

What is an alphabetic system of writing?

Back 240

An alphabetic system has a symbol that represents each sound (English is an example). It is of note that not all languages place equal value of vowels and consonants as English does.

Front 241

What are the four main components (physical) of speech production?

Back 241

- lungs
- trachea
- larynx (voice box)
- oral and nasal filters

Front 242

To produce this type of sound, you put both your lips together.

Back 242

bilabial

Front 243

To produce this type of sound, your lower lip needs to be touching your upper teeth.

Back 243

labiodental

Front 244

You use the tip of your tongue to make these sounds.

Back 244

alveolar

Front 245

What do you need to do to make a palatal sound?

Back 245

You produce a palatal sound by raising the body of the tongue up to the palette.

Front 246

What do you need to do to make an alveopalatal sound?

Back 246

You need to put your tongue between the alveolar ridge and the palette.

Front 247

What do you need to do produce a velar sound?

Back 247

You have the raise the root of your tongue to the velum.

Front 248

To produce this sound, you adjust the airflow in two places: in the area of the velum, and by rounding your lips.

Back 248

labiovelar

Front 249

What is the study of auditory phonetics?

Back 249

It studies the perception of sound from the ear to the brain.

Front 250

What is a logographic system of writing?

Back 250

For this system of writing, each symbol represents a thing or idea. An obvious example is Chinese.

Front 251

What is sonority? Are consonants or vowels more sonorous?

Back 251

Sonority is the acoustic strength of a sound, and vowels are much more sonorous then consonants.

Front 252

These sounds have properties of both consonants and vowels. They are articulated like vowels, but in a word, they function like a consonant.

Back 252

glides

Front 253

What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive grammar?

Back 253

Prescriptive tries to make rules for the language, saying that the languages needs/should do something one way. Descriptive just describes what the users of the language do.

Front 254

In phonology, what is the smallest unit for a sound?

Back 254

feature. This could be something like whether the sound is voiced, a nasal, or a sibilant.

Front 255

A segment is made up of __________________.

Back 255

features.

Front 256

Syllables are made up of ________________.

Back 256

Segments of sounds, simply consonants and vowels.

Front 257

Studying sound patterns _____________________ means that you study segments in sequence.

Back 257

syntagmatically

Front 258

Studying sound patterns __________________

Back 258

paradigmatically

Front 259

What is an accidental gap?

Back 259

An accidental gap is a non-existent word in a language, but could be expected to be given the language's morphological rules.

Front 260

What is a systematic gap?

Back 260

An absence of a word from a language because of the phonotactic rules of that language, making the form impossible.

Front 261

When segments are in contrast, their presence alone distinguish forms that have _____________________.

Back 261

different meanings

Front 262

Do any minimal pairs exist to show that [h] and [ŋ] contrast with each other?

Back 262

No. However, we are able to show that [h] only appears word initially, and [ŋ] only appears word finally.

Front 263

Are contrasts language-specific?

Back 263

yes

Front 264

Contrastive sounds of a languages are the ___________________ of a language.

Back 264

phonemes

Front 265

Allophones are....

Back 265

predictable variants that are phonetically similar and in complementary distribution.

Front 266

We speak in allophones but we _____________ phonemes.

Back 266

perceive. Phonemes are an abstract concept that only exists mentally.

Front 267

What is the purpose of phonological description?

Back 267

The purpose is to formulate the most general statements possible about the phonology of a language.

Front 268

Glides and liquids have a similar phonological rule. Like liquids, glides show __________________________ after voiceless stops and voiced allophones everywhere else.

Back 268

voiceless allophones

Front 269

When writing out phonological rules, what does the arrow ( --> ) represent?

Back 269

"becomes"

Front 270

When writing out phonological rules, what does '/=' represent?

Back 270

"in the environment of"

Front 271

When writing phonological rules, what does "C______" mean?

Back 271

"after a consonant"

Front 272

When writing phonological rules, what does "V______" mean?

Back 272

"after a vowel"

Front 273

When writing phonological rules, what does "V__V" mean?

Back 273

"intervocalically" (between two vowels)

Front 274

When writing phonological rules, what does "_____C" mean?

Back 274

"before a consonant"

Front 275

When writing phonological rules, what does "#__" mean?

Back 275

"word-initially"

Front 276

When writing phonological rules, what does "__#" mean?

Back 276

"word finally"

Front 277

/l,r/ --> [-voice] / C_____
stop
[-voice]

What is this phonological rule saying?

Back 277

Liquids are devoiced after voiceless stops.

Front 278

___________ are devoiced after voce less stops. This is called _______________.

Back 278

liquids, liquid devoicing

Front 279

V --> [+nasal] / ____________C
[+nasal]
What is this phonological rule saying?

Back 279

Vowels are nasalized before nasal consonants.

Front 280

___________ are nasalized before nasal consonants. This is called _______________.

Back 280

Vowels, nasalization

Front 281

/aw, aj/ --> [ʌw, ʌj] / ________C
[-voice]
What is this phonological rule saying, and what is it called?

Back 281

This phonological rule states that the diphthongs /aw/ and /aj/ are "raised" before voiceless consonants. This is called Canadian Raising and is said to be a distinct characteristic of Canadian English.

Front 282

/t, d/ --> [ɾ] / V__V
[+stress]
What is this phonological rule saying? What is the rule called?

Back 282

It states that alveolar stops become the alveolar flap when between two vowels, and when the first vowel is stressed. This is called the flapping rule.

Front 283

The tense vowel rule states that all _______________ vowels are realized with a corresponding glide.

Back 283

non-low tense

Front 284

According to the tense vowel rule, what is the corresponding glide to -/i/?

Back 284

[ij]

Front 285

According to the tense vowel rule, what is the corresponding glide to -/e/?

Back 285

[ej]

Front 286

According to the tense vowel rule, what is the corresponding glide to -/o/?

Back 286

[ow]

Front 287

According to the tense vowel rule, what is the corresponding glide to -/u/?

Back 287

[uw]

Front 288

V --> V + glide
[+tense]
[-low]

What is this phonological rule stating? What is the rule called?

Back 288

This rule states that all non-low tense vowels are realized with a corresponding glide. This is called the tense vowel rule. There is no environment for this rule.

Front 289

Phonetically similar sounds that belong to a phoneme, but are not in complementary distribution, are said to be __________________________________.

Back 289

allophones in free variation

Front 290

When representing syllables, what is contained within the syllable?

Back 290

The onset and the rhyme

Front 291

When representing syllables, what is contained within the nucleus?

Back 291

The nucleus contains the main syllable of the word, usually where the first vowel is.

Front 292

When representing syllables, what is contained within the onset?

Back 292

The consonant/consonant combination before the first vowel of the word.

Front 293

When representing syllables, what is contained within the coda?

Back 293

Usually the consonant that takes place after the first vowel of the word.

Front 294

Words can have __________ syllables. Each syllable within a word can only contain _____ nucleus.

Back 294

multiple, one

Front 295

Phonetic length in English is predictable based on _______________________.

Back 295

syllable structure

Front 296

In English, vowels are long before ___________________________.

Back 296

voiced obstruents. Obstruents are stops, fricatives, or affricates.

Front 297

The vowel-lengthening rule states that English vowels are long when followed by a voiced obstruent in the ___________________.

Back 297

same syllable

Front 298

V --> [+long]/ __________Cσ
[-sonorant]
[+voice]
What is this phonological rule stating and what is the rule called?

Back 298

It is stating that vowels are long if they are before a voiced obstruent, and it is called the vowel lengthening rule.

Front 299

The English Aspiration rule states that voiceless stops are aspirated ________________ and syllable initially before a _______________ vowel.

Back 299

word-initally, stressed

Front 300

[p, t, k/ --> [+aspiration]/ #___, σ___V
[+stress]

What is this phonological rule stating and what is the rule called?

Back 300

This phonological rule is stating that voiceless stops are aspirated word-initially and syllable initially before a stressed vowel. This is called the English aspiration rule. Another note on aspiration: liquids and glides (approximates) do not block aspiration, it occurs depute the presence of a liquid or glide between the voiceless stop and the vowel.

Front 301

When deriving phonological rules, what is the underlying representation?

Back 301

The underlying representation happens at the phonemic level (/ /)

Front 302

When deriving phonological rules, what is the surface form?

Back 302

The surface form is at the level of allophones.

Front 303

Vowel lengthening is represented by what symbol?

Back 303

" : " which is placed right after the vowel that is lengthened.

Front 304

What is a lexicon?

Back 304

The lexicon is the mind's dictionary. It's lexical categories have information about pronunciation, meanings and forms of words.

Front 305

What is morphology?

Back 305

A system categories and rules involved with word formation.