Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Actinic (solar) keratosis |
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma |
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury |
Cushing ulcer (intracranial pressure stimulates vagal gastric secretion) |
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns |
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa) |
|
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon |
Skip lesions (Crohn disease) |
|
Aneurysm, dissecting |
Hypertension |
|
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta |
Atherosclerosis |
|
Aortic aneurysm, arch |
3° syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction |
|
Aortic aneurysm, ascending |
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration) |
|
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies |
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion) |
|
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage) |
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S) |
|
|
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer |
H. pylori |
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly) |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids) |
Group B streptococcus/E.coli (newborns), S. pneumoniae/ Neisseria meningitidis (kids) |
|
Benign melanocytic nevus |
Spitz nevus (most common in 1st two decades) |
|
|
Bleeding disorder with GpIb deficiency |
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor) |
|
|
Brain tumor (adults) |
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma |
|
|
Brain tumor (kids) |
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma |
|
|
Breast cancer |
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma |
|
|
Breast mass |
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women) |
|
|
Breast tumor (benign) |
Fibroadenoma |
|
|
Cardiac 1° tumor (kids) |
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis |
|
|
Cardiac manifestation of lupus |
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve) |
|
|
Cardiac tumor (adults) |
Metastasis, 1° myxoma (4:1 left to right atrium; “ball and valve”) |
|
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation |
Chiari II malformation |
|
|
Chronic arrhythmia |
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli) |
|
|
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune) |
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia) |
|
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina |
DES exposure in utero |
|
Compression fracture |
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman) |
|
|
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension |
21-hydroxylase deficiency |
|
|
Congenital cardiac anomaly |
VSD (Ventricular Septal Defect) |
|
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver) |
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile) |
|
|
Constrictive pericarditis |
TB (developing world); SLE (developed world) |
|
|
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis |
LAD > RCA > LCA |
|
Cretinism |
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism |
|
Cushing syndrome |
Iatrogenic Cushing (from corticosteroid therapy)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma Paraneoplastic Cushing (due to ACTH secretion by tumors) |
|
Cyanosis (early; less common) |
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus |
|
Cyanosis (late; more common) |
VSD, ASD, PDA |
|
Death in CML |
Blast crisis |
|
Death in SLE |
Lupus nephropathy |
|
|
Dementia |
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts |
|
Demyelinating disease in young women |
Multiple sclerosis |
|
|
DIC |
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery |
|
|
Dietary deficit |
Iron |
|
Diverticulum in pharynx |
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow) |
|
|
Ejection click |
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis |
|
|
Esophageal cancer |
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide); adenocarcinoma (U.S.) |
|
|
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated) |
S. aureus, B. cereus |
|
Glomerulonephritis (adults) |
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy) |
|
|
Gynecologic malignancy |
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S.); cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide) |
|
|
Heart murmur, congenital |
Mitral valve prolapse |
|
|
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis |
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever), tricuspid (IV drug abuse) |
|
|
Helminth infection (U.S.) |
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides |
|
Hematoma—epidural |
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped) |
|
Hematoma—subdural |
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped) |
|
Hemochromatosis |
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, “bronze diabetes,” andrisk of hepatocellular carcinoma) |
|
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism) |
|
|
Hereditary bleeding disorder |
von Willebrand disease |
|
|
Hereditary harmless jaundice |
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) |
|
|
HLA-B27 |
Ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, ulcerative colitis, psoriatic arthritis |
|
|
HLA-DR3 or -DR4 |
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE |
|
|
Holosystolic murmur |
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation |
|
|
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis |
Virchow triad (results in venous thrombosis) |
|
|
Hypertension, 2° |
Renal disease |
|
|
Hypoparathyroidism |
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy |
|
|
Hypopituitarism |
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor) |
|
|
Infection 2° to blood transfusion |
Hepatitis C |
|
|
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease |
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase ) |
|
|
Intellectual disability |
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome |
|
|
Kidney stones |
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease+ organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus)
Uric acid = radiolucent |
|
|
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left) |
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia) |
|
|
Liver disease |
Alcoholic cirrhosis |
|
|
Lysosomal storage disease |
Gaucher disease |
|
|
Male cancer |
Prostatic carcinoma |
|
|
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever |
Hodgkin lymphoma |
|
|
Malignancy (kids) |
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum) |
|
|
Metastases to bone |
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid |
|
|
Metastases to brain |
Lung > breast > genitourinary > melanoma > GI |
|
|
Metastases to liver |
Colon >> stomach, pancreas |
|
|
Mitochondrial inheritance |
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only |
|
|
Mitral valve stenosis |
Rheumatic heart disease |
|
|
Mixed (UMN and LMN) motor neuron disease |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
|
|
Myocarditis |
Coxsackie B |
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (adults) |
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis |
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (kids) |
Minimal change disease |
|
|
Neuron migration failure |
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) |
|
|
Nosocomial pneumonia |
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
|
Obstruction of male urinary tract |
BPH |
|
|
Opening snap |
Mitral stenosis |
|
|
Opportunistic infection in AIDS |
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia |
|
Osteomyelitis |
S. aureus |
|
|
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease |
Salmonella |
|
|
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use |
Pseudomonas, S. aureus |
|
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer |
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells) |
|
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral) |
Serous cystadenoma |
|
Ovarian tumor (malignant) |
Serous cystadenocarcinoma |
|
|
Pancreatitis (acute) |
Gallstones, alcohol |
|
|
Pancreatitis (chronic) |
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids) |
|
|
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML |
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult ∼ 65, CML: adult 30–60 |
|
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease |
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
|
|
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl) |
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML) |
|
Pituitary tumor |
Prolactinoma, somatotropic “acidophilic” adenoma |
|
|
1° amenorrhea |
Turner syndrome (45,XO) |
|
|
1° bone tumor (adults) |
Multiple myeloma |
|
|
1° hyperaldosteronism |
Adenoma of adrenal cortex |
|
|
1° hyperparathyroidism |
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma |
|
|
1° liver cancer |
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency) |
|
|
Pulmonary hypertension |
COPD |
|
|
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities |
Buerger disease (strongly associated with tobacco) |
|
|
Renal tumor |
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH) |
|
|
Right heart failure due to a pulmonary cause |
Cor pulmonale |
|
|
S3 (protodiastolic gallop) |
ventricular filling (left-to-right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF]) |
|
|
S4 (presystolic gallop) |
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) |
|
|
2° hyperparathyroidism |
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease |
|
|
Sexually transmitted disease |
Chlamydia (usually coinfected with gonorrhea) |
|
|
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion) |
Small cell carcinoma of the lung |
|
|
Site of diverticula |
Sigmoid colon |
|
|
Sites of atherosclerosis |
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery |
|
|
Stomach cancer |
Adenocarcinoma |
|
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels |
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas) |
|
|
t(14;18) |
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation) |
|
|
t(8;14) |
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc activation) |
|
|
t(9;22) |
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion) |
|
Temporal arteritis |
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to thrombosis of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica |
|
Testicular tumor |
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive) |
|
|
Thyroid cancer |
Papillary carcinoma |
|
|
Tumor in women |
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous) |
|
|
Tumor of infancy |
Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood) |
|
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults) |
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign) |
|
|
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids) |
Neuroblastoma (malignant) |
|
|
Type of Hodgkin |
Nodular sclerosis (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion) |
|
|
Type of non-Hodgkin |
Diffuse large cell |
|
|
UTI |
E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women) |
|
|
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe |
HSV-1 |
|
|
Vitamin deficiency (U.S.) |
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3- to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects) |
