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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Night blindness, Xeropthalmia (pathologic dryness of conjunctiva and cornea), Keratomalacia (wrinkling, clouding of cornea), Bitot's spots (dry silver gray plaques on bulbar conjunctiva)
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Vitamin A Deficiency
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Pseudotumor cerebri, dry and pruritic skin
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Vitamin A toxicity
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Vitamin A contraindicated in
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Pregnancy and Smokers (inc risk of lung cancer)
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Vitamin A Tx
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Measles and AML (M3 subtype)
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How to Dx Vitamin B1 deficiency?
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Inc in erythrocyte transketolase activity upon addition of thiamine
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Asian, nonspecific peripheral neuropathy, toe drop, wrist drop, MM weakness
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Dry Beriberi
o Beriberi – where polished rice is the major component of the diet Dry Beriberi • Nonspecific peripheral neuropathy w/ myelin degeneration • Toe-drop, wrist drop, and foot drop • MM weakness, hyporeflexia, areflexia |
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Asian, cardiomegaly, peripheral edema, deficiency
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Wet Beriberi
o Beriberi – where polished rice is the major component of the diet Wet Beriberi • Peripheral vasodilation high output heart failure peripheral edema • Cardiomegaly |
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Alcoholic, nystagmus, ataxia, confusion, disorientation, memory loss
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Vitamin B1 - Thiamine Deficiency
o Wernicke-Korsakoff – Chronic alcoholism Ocular disturbances and nystagmus Gait ataxia Mental dysfunction (confusion, apathy, listlessness, and disorientation) Korsakoff psychosis: retrograde recall, inability to acquire new info, and confabulations ( the invention of fictitious detail about supposed past events [often to disguise an inability to remember past events]) |
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Old woman with dentures, dermatitis, cheilosis, glossitis, and anguular stomatitis
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Vitamin B2 - Riboflavin Deficiency
o Dermatitis o Cheilosis – fissuring of the corners of the mouth o Angular Stomatitis – inflammation fo the corners fo the mouth o Glossitis (smooth, purple tongue) o Note: Deficiency is especially common in denture wearers |
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Excess Vitamin B3
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Niacin
- Facial flushing - Tx hyperlipidemia |
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Corn farmer, with diarrhea, memory loss, and skin rash
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Vitamin B3 - Niacin Deficiency
o Pellagra: Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia (possible death) |
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Dermatitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal insufficiency
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Vitamin B5 - pentothenate deficiency
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Isoniazid (INH) can lead to a deficiency in what to vitamins?
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B3 (niacin) and B6 (pyridoxine)
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Convulsions, peripheral neuropathy, Chelitis, Dermatitis
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Vitamin B6 - Pyridoxine deficiency
• Signs of B6 deficiency are the same as B2 (riboflavin) deficiency + convulsions, hyperirritability, and peripheral neuropathy • Riboflavin Deficiency (Vitamin B2) o Dermatitis o Cheilosis – fissuring of the corners of the mouth o Angular Stomatitis – inflammation fo the corners fo the mouth o Glossitis (smooth, purple tongue) o Note: Deficiency is especially common in denture wearers |
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Body builder who eats egg whites for breakfast, lunch and dinner starts loosing his hair and develops a skin rash and diarrhea.
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Vitamin B7 - Biotin deficiency
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How much folate supplements if
- sexually active - high-risk pregnancy for neural tube defects |
.4mg/day - sexually active
4g/day - high-risk pregnancy for neural tube defects |
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Test to determine VItamin B12 deficiency etiology
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Schilling Test
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Which vitamin facilitates iron absorption
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Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
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Swollen gums, bruising, hemarthrosis, anemia, poor wound healing
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Vitamin C deficiency
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N, V, Diarrhea, fatigue, sleep problesm
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Vitamin C excess
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Sarcoidosis causes excess of what vitamin
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Vitamin D
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proximal M weakness, peripheral neuroapthy, and ataxia
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Vitamin E deficiency
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Bone disorders with normal Ca, phosphate, ALP, and PTH
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Ostseoporosis and Osteopetrosis
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Dec Ca and PO4; Inc ALP and PTH
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Osteomalacia/Ickets
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Dec Ca, Inc PO4, Inc PTH
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Renal insufficiency
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Inc Ca and PO4, Dec PTH
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Vitamin D intoxication
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Inc Ca, Dec PO4, Inc ALP and PTh
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Primary hyperparathryoidism or Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica
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Nl Ca, PO4, and PTH; Inc ALP
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Paget Dx
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Neonate w/ jaundice, inc PT and inc PTT
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Vitamin K deficiency
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Infertility, depressed mental fxn, rash around eyes, mouth, nose, anus, dec healing time
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Zinc Deficiency
• Deficiency o Delayed wound healing o Decrease immune response o Rash around the eyes, mouth, nose, anus – Acrodermatitis enteropathica o Anorexia, Diarrhea o Impaired night vision o Growth retardation in children o Depressed mental fxn o Infertility |
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Fomepizole (Use, MOA)
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- Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase
- Antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning |
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Disulfiram (MOA)
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Inhibits acetalaldehyde dehydrogenase
--> Hangover Sxs |
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Methanol causes
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Metabolic acidosis & Retinal damage/blindness
Toxic substance b/c it is metabolized to formaldehyde |
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Ethylene glycol causes
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Metabolic acidosis, kidney damage, heart and lung toxicity, and CNS problems
It is metabolized to oxaloacetate --> oxalate crystals prcipitate --> kidney damage |
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Small child, swollen belly, Skin lesions, edema, liver malfunction (fatty change due to dec apo B-100)
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Kwashiorkor - protein deficiency
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2yo w/ inc ab girth, failure to thrive, and skin/hair depigmentation
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Kwashiorkor
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MM wasting, loss of subcutaneous fat and variable edema
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Marasmus - misssing everything; malnutrition
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Refeeding Sx
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Giving back nutrients and electorlytes to fast --> arrhythmias and neuro problems
- Go slow - milk is good |
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Fisherman develops peeling of fingertiips, ab pain, neuro problems
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Mercury poisoning
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Arsenic poisoning
- Aucte - Chronic |
Acute - multisystem organ failure b/c ATP production is disrupted
Chronic - cancer in every tissue |
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Cadmium poisoning
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Obstructive lung disease
inc risk of lung cancer osteoporosis Osteomalacia |
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Rate Limiting Step - Glycolysis
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Phosphofructokinase-1
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Rate Limiting Step - GLuconeogenesis
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Fructose 1-6-bisphosphatase
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Rate Limiting Step - TCA cycle
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase
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Rate Limiting Step - GLycogen synthesis
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GLycogen synthase
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Rate Limiting Step - GLycogenolysis
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Glycogen phosphorylase
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Rate Limiting Step - HMP shunt
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GLucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
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Rate Limiting Step - De novo pyrimidine syntehsis
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
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Rate Limiting Step - De novo purine syntehsis
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Gluatmine PRPP amidotransferase
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Rate Limiting Step - Urea cycle
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Carbamoyl phosphate syntehtase I
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Rate Limiting Step - Fatty acid syntehsis
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Acetyl Coa Carboxylase
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Rate Limiting Step - Fatty acid oxidation
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Carnitine Acyltransferase I
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Rate Limiting Step - Ketogenesis
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HMG-CoA Synthase
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Rate Limiting Step - CHolesterol syntehsis
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HMG0CoA reductase
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Regulators - Glycolysis
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Stimulate
- AMP - Fructose 26 Bp Inhibit - ATP - Citrate |
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Regulators - Gluconeogenesis
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Stimulate
- ATP Inhibit - AMP - Fructose 2,6 BP |