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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the main goal of this course? (2)
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1. Communication with IT people
2. Understand the relationship between business process and IS |
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IS
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Information Systems - a group of components that interact to produce information
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Data
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raw facts that describe the characteristics of an event
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Information
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data converted into meaningful and useful context
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Flow of Information (?)
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Hardware --> Software --> Data --> Procedures --> People
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MIS
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the development and use of information systems that help businesses achieve goals and objectives (MIS is a business function)
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Moore's Law
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"The number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles every 18 months." --> the cost of data communications and data storage is essentially zero
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Four factors of high quality information
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1. Accuracy
2. Timeliness 3. Relevant/Just Barely Sufficient 4. Uniqueness |
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Business Process
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a network of activities, resources, facilities, and information that interact to achieve some business function
A standardized set of activities that accomplish a specific task (such as processing a customer's order) |
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Competitive advantage
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something a company has that its customers want and its competitors cannot (or choose not to) match
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First-mover advantage
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when an organization is the first to market a competitive advantage
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Environmental scanning
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the acquisition and analysis of events and trends in the environment external to an organization
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Commoditization
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the process by which a product reaches a point where one brand has no features that differentiates it from other brands, and customers buy on price only
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Keen's Six Stage Competitive Advantage Model
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1. Stimulus for Action
2. First Major Move 3. Customer Acceptance 4/5. Competitor catch up moves/First mover expansion moves 6. Commoditization |
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Porter's 5 Forces Model
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1. Rivalry among existing competitors
2. Supplier (bargaining) power 3. Buyer power (bargaining power of both channels and end users) 4. Threat of substitute products or services 5. Threat of new entrants |
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Porter's three generic strategies
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1. Broad cost leadership
2. Broad differentiation 3. Focused strategy (cross Cost Leadership & Differentiation with Broad Markets & Focused Markets) |
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Value Chain
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a network of value-creating activities (with linkages in between)
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Barriers to Entry
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something that keeps competitors from entering the market:
1. economies of scale 2. product differentiation 3. capital requirements 4. geographic 5. proprietary/patented 6. access to inputs 7. government policy 8. brand identity |
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Supply Chain
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a set of business processes that allow multiple independent entities, such as suppliers, manufacturers and retailers to function as one "virtual" organization to develop and deliver products or economic value to customers
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A supply chain is composed of...
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Value chains
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Upstream and Downstream supply chain
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Suppliers = upstream
Customers = downstream |
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Basic Supply Chain
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Suppliers' Suppliers -->
Supplier --> Manufacturer --> Distributor --> Retailer --> Customer --> Customers' Customers |
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In supply chain, focus has shifted from...
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focus has shifted from push to pull
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Demand planning software
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generates demand forecasts using statistical tools and forecasting techniques
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JIT
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Just-in-time strategies (supply chain is becoming closer and closer to real time)
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Bullwhip Effect
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occurs when distorted product demand information passes from one entity to the next throughout the supply chain
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Supply Chain Management
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involves the management of information flows between and among stages in a supply chain to maximize total supply chain effectiveness and profitability
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10 Flatteners (recognize/understand)
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1. Fall of the Berlin Wall
2. Netscape IPO (mass investment in fiber optic cables) 3. Work flow software (faster coordination among far-flung employees) 4. Open sourcing (Linux) 5. Outsourcing 6. Offshoring (moving plants) 7. Supply chaining 8. In-sourcing (logistics gains helped mom-and-pop stores go global) 9. Informing (Internet power searching) 10. Wireless |
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XML
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eXtensible Markup Language - used to model and structure data
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XML schema
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a metadata document that describes data structure
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XML tags (metadata)
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names and identifies data items
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XML file
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set of XML tags and data
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BPM
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Business Process Management - the systematic process of creating, assessing, and altering business processes
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What are the three different scopes of BPM? (narrowest to widest)
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1. Functional
2. Cross Functional 3. Interorganizational |
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Functional BPM
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BPM within a single department
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What is the problem with functional BPM?
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It may lead to "islands of automation"
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Cross Functional BPM
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BPM within multiple departments
Goal: eliminate/reduce isolated systems and data Uses committees to resolve conflicts between departments |
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Interorganizational BPM
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Ex: SCM, credit card transaction processing
Requires negotiation, contracts, litigation to resolve conflicts between different organizations |
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"As-is Model"
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Documents current business process so it may be evaluated and changed if necessary
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Database
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a self-describing collection of integrated records
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Relational Database
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Stores information in the form of logically related two dimensional tables; supports one-to-one and one-to-many relationships; SQL
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Hierarchical Database Model
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Models entities in a parent-child relationship (like a tree structure). One-to-many relationships
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Network Database Model
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Supports many-to-many relationships
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ERD
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Entity Relationship Diagram - Diagramming tool used to express entity relationships; useful in developing complex databases
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Primary Key
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a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given row in a table
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Foreign Key
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a field in a table that is a primary key in another table. It acts to provide a logical relationship between to the two tables
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Composite Key
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When multiple fields are used as a primary key
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Normalization
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a technique used to make complex databases more effecient:
--breaks large complex tables into multiple tables --eliminates all repeating groups in records --eliminates redundant data |
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First Normal Form
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1NF - no repeating groups (put them in separate tables)
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DBMS
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Database Management Systems - a software/program that creates, processes, and administers a database; usually licensed from vendors
i.e. Access, Oracle, MySQL |
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What are the four components of DBMS?
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1. Data definition
2. Data manipulation 3. Application generation 4. Data administration |
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Data definition
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helps create and maintain the data dictionary and the structure of the database
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Data manipulation
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allows users to create, read, update and delete information in a database
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Application generation
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includes tools for creating visually appealing and easy-to-use applications
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Data administration
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provides tools for managing the overall database environment by providing faculties for backup, recovery, security, and performance
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BI
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Business Intelligence - general term describing information that people use to support their decision-making efforts
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BI Systems
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Business Intelligence Systems - an information system that provides information for improving decision making
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Data Warehouse
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a repository of an organization's electronically stored data; designed to facilitate reporting and analysis
a data warehouse houses a standardized, consistent, clean and integrated form of data sourced from various operational systems in use in the organization, structured in a way to specifically address the reporting and analytic requirements |
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Cube
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common term for the representation of multidimensional information
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What are the four components of DBMS?
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1. Data definition
2. Data manipulation 3. Application generation 4. Data administration |
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ETL
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Extraction, transformation, and loading
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Data definition
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helps create and maintain the data dictionary and the structure of the database
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Data manipulation
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allows users to create, read, update and delete information in a database
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Application generation
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includes tools for creating visually appealing and easy-to-use applications
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Data administration
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provides tools for managing the overall database environment by providing faculties for backup, recovery, security, and performance
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BI
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Business Intelligence - general term describing information that people use to support their decision-making efforts
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BI Systems
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Business Intelligence Systems - an information system that provides information for improving decision making
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Data Warehouse
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a repository of an organization's electronically stored data; designed to facilitate reporting and analysis
a data warehouse houses a standardized, consistent, clean and integrated form of data sourced from various operational systems in use in the organization, structured in a way to specifically address the reporting and analytic requirements |
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Cube
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common term for the representation of multidimensional information
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ETL
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Extraction, transformation, and loading
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Data Mart
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focused collection of similar data for reporting purposes
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Data-Mining
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The application of statistical techniques to find patterns and relationships among data and to classify and predict future behavior and guide decision making
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AI
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Artificial Intelligence - simulates human intelligence such as the ability to reason and learn
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Neural Network
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attempts to emulate the way the human brain works (used for predicting values and making classifications)
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Expert Systems
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"What if"
computerized advisory programs that imitate reasoning processes of experts in solving difficult problems (i.e. expertise2go) |
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Mass Marketing
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marketing of a product to a wide audience. the idea is to broadcast a message that will reach the largest number of people possible.
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Customer Segmentation
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the practice of dividing a customer base into groups of individuals that are similar in specific ways relevant to marketing, such as age, gender, interests, spending habits, etc.
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Traditional Segmentation
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focuses on identifying customer groups based on demographics and attributes such as attitudes and psychological profiles
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Value-based Segmentation
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looks at groups of customers in terms of the revenue they generate and the costs of establishing and maintaining relationships with them
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CRM
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Customer relationship management - customer-centric business strategy with the goal of maximizing profitability, revenue, and customer satisfaction
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Network
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collection of computers that communicate with one another over a transmission line;
a communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so they can work together |
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WAN
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Wide Area Network:
a network that is made availiable over a wide geographic region |
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Internet
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Network of networks; a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol (IP)
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LAN
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Local Area Network:
computers connected within a geographically limited area |
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Client
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a computer that is designed to request information from a server
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Server
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a computer that is dedicated to providing information in response to external requests (from clients)
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Packet-Switching
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Data (stream) is divided into a number of packets (discrete blocks of data) on a client computer. Each packet is sent on the network and intercepted by routers
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Protocol
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a standard that specifies the format of data as well as the rules to be followed during transmission
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IP
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Internet Protocol - defines the packets that carry blocks of data from one node to another
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TCP
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Transmission Control Protocol - the protocol by which data is transmitted
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Interoperability
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the capability of two or more computer systems to share data and resources, even though they are made by different manufacturers
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ISP
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Internet Service Provider - a company that provides customers access to the internet
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What three things are provided by an ISP?
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1. provides legitimate Internet address
2. serve as gateway to the internet 3. pay for internet access |
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WWW
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The Worldwide Web - a global hypertext system that uses the Internet as its transport mechanism
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HTTP
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Hypertext Transport Protocol - the Internet standard that supports exchange of information on the WWW
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Web browser
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a software that enables a user to view web pages and navigate between them using hyperlinks
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Hyperlink
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a reference or navigation element in a document to another section of the same document or to another document that may be on a different website
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Domain name
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A name that identifies a computer or computers on the internet (muohio.edu)
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URL
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Uniform Resource Locator
Protocol://domain name/path to the source |
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Three-Tier Architecture
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1. User tier (web browser)
2. Server tier (Web servers, aplication server) 3. Database tier (DBMS server) |
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Cloud computing
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having another company do your shit.
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VPN
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a way to use the public Internet to provide secure access to an organization's private network
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RFID
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Radio Frequency Identification
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activities
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collections of related tasks that receive inputs and process those inputs to produce outputs
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decision
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a question that can be answered Yes or No
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roles
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sets of procedures
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resources
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people, facilities, or computer programs that are assigned to roles
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repository
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a collection of business records
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linkages
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interactions across value activities
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Cloud Computing (actual)
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a form of hardware/software leasing in which organizations obtain server resources from vendors that specialize in server processing
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byte
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a character of data; these are grouped into columns/fields, which in turn are grouped into rows/records, which in turn are grouped into a table or file
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Enterprise DBMS
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these products process large organizational and workgroup databases
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Personal DBMS
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these products are designed for small, simple database applications
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Network Interface Card (NIC)
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a device that connects the computer or printer's circuitry to the network cables.
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Modem
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a device that converts the digital data in the computer into a wavy (analog) signal.
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DSL
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Digital Subscriber Line - a moden that operates on the same lines as voice telephones
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Cable
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A modem that provides high-speed data transmission using cable television lines
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tunnel
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a virtual, private pathway over a public or shared network from the VPN client to the VPN server
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Byte sizes
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Kilobyte < Megabyte < Gigabyte < Terabyte < Petabyte < Exabyte
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Reporting systems
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integrate data from multiple sources, and process that data by sorting, grouping, summing, averaging and comparing
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Market-based analysis
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a data mining system which computes correlations of items on past orders to determine items that are frequently purchased together
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