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244 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations is called?
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Perception
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The _____?____ nerve causes the diaphragm to contract
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Phrenic
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Which of the following cranial nerves innervate muscles that help us chew our food?
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Cranial Nerve 5.
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What is Sciatica?
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The inflammation of nerves that arise from the sacral plexus, It is a form of neuritis, and it causes pain in the lower extremities
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Epinephrine and noripinephrine are released into the bloodstream after sympathetic stimulation of the ?
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Adrenal medulla
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Damage to the cerebellum would most likely result in?
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uncoordinated movement
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A doctor could anesthetize a portion of cranial nerve___?__ to stop pain impulses from a broken nose?
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CN 5
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The cardiovascular center is located in the?
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Medulla Oblongata
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In the Autonomic Nervous System, all preganglionic nerve fibers release the neurotransmitter?
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Acetycholine
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The branch of spinal nerves that innervate the muscles of the limbs is the ?
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ventral ramus
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Second order neurons conduct nerve impulses from
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the spinal cord and brain stem to the Thalamus
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This is a cerebral structure that is made up of white matter and connects the hemispheres?
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the corpus callosum
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Which of the following statements about the descending pathway of the spinal cord is/are correct?
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Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons
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The function of the choroid plexus is to?
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produce cerebral spinal fluid
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Which of the following is not a part of the cerebrum?
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the pineal gland
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The reticular formation-
-is NOT located in the cerebrum -does NOT Contain the neurons of the primary motor cortex -Is not the control center for balance and equilibrium -is not the white mater that connects the cerebral hemispheres |
(none of the above answers are correct)
Reticular formation extends from the upper spinal cord into the diencephalon; and contains the nuclei that form the reticular activating system which is associated with consciousness and maintaining muscle tone) |
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Which of the following lists the components of a reflex arc in the correct order?
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Receptor, Sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, and effector
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What is the name for a pain receptor?
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A nociceptor
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What is a type of receptor that is bare dendrites?
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A Free Nerve ending
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What is the area of the brain that contains reflex centers for the ears and the eyes?
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the Corpora Quadrigemina
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What is the loss of motor function to part of the body called?
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Paralysis
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True or False? The integrating center for a reflex arc is associated with areas containing myelinated neurons?
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FALSE. The integrating center for a reflex arc are not associated with areas containing myelinated neurons,
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True or False? Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with the degeneration of neurons that originate in the posterior horns of the spinal cord?
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False
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True or False? Monoplegia is the term used to describe the loss of motor functions to both of the lower extremities?
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False. Paraplegia
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T or F? Sulci are shallow grooves between gyri?
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True
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True or False? The vagus nerve (CN#10) innervates the muscles that move the tongue?
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False, it extends throughout the head, neck, thorax and abdomen,
-it is associated with sensory information for taste in the throat, and a wide variety of visceral activity - provides motor innervation to the throat, neck, and visceral activity |
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True or False? Encapsulated nerve endings are dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule?
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True
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True or False? The Infundibulum lies between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
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True
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True or False? The Cardiovascular center is located in the Pons?
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False, the cardiovascular center is located in the medulla oblongata
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True or false? The primary somatosensory area of the brain is located in the post-central gyrus of the cerebrum?
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True
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Describe the blood brain barrier, include the name of the specific glial cell associated with the structure.
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The blood brain barrier is a protective covering over the brain that protects the brain cells from pathogens and harmful substances. The astrocytes are the cells that reinforce this boundary and help supply certain nutrients
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Describe the difference between the postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that travel to sweat glands and those that do not.
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The postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system that travel to the sweat glands release ACH. And, the postgaglionic neurons that travel to other organs release norpinephrine.
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Describe the intersegmental reflex arc
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intersegmental reflex arc is A polysynaptic neuron pathway which involves sensory impulses being received in one segment of the spinal cord and then stimulating interneurons which route the sensory information to motor neurons in both superior and inferior segments of the spinal cord in order to permit innervation of a variety of muscles in the reflex action.
(When neurons travel up and down the spinal cord and stimulate multiple motor neurons in both segments of the spinal cord) |
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Which Cranial nerve is associated with the sense of smell?
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Cranial nerve 1 (olfactory nerve)
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What is adaption of a neurons?
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Adaption is the decreased sensations of a neuron due to a constant stimulation of the receptor
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Describe folia
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Folia is the leaf-like looking white matter in the cerebellum
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What is reciprocal innervation?
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innervation (supply of nerves to an organ) so that the contraction of a muscle or set of muscles (as of a joint) is accompanied by the simultaneous inhibition of an antagonistic muscle or set of muscles
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How does the pancreas respond to sympathetic stimulation?
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It inhibits the release of enzymes
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List one modality that is associated with encapsulated nerve endings?
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A pressure receptor
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Stimulation of the _____?___ nervous system (be specific) causes pupillary constriction?
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The parasympathetic nervous system
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What is a branch of spinal nerves that innervate the Autonomic Nervous system?
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The Rami Communicates is a branch of a spinal nerve that innervates the autonomic nervous system
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Inflammation of one or more nerves is known as?
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neuritis
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What is the term used to describe a partial or complete severing of the spinal cord?
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transection
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What are the areas of the skin that provide motor imput through one pair of spinal nerves or cranial nerve 5?
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dermatone
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The primary visual cortex is located in the?
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occipital lobe
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What are the spaces inside the brain that contain CSF?
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ventricles
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What is epilepsy?
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A disorder associated with short, recurrent, periodic attacks to motor, sensory and psychological functions
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What is a group of neuron cell bodies that are located outside the CNS?
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the ganglion
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What is the function of the Reticular formation?
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The reticular formation extends from the upper spinal cord into the diencephalon. it contains the nuclei that form the reticular activating system which is associated with consciousness and maintaining muscle tone.
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Intercostal nerves receive nerve supply from this branch that comes off a spinal nerve?
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lateral cutaneous branches that come off of the thoracic nerves.
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What is the term used to describe a group of nerve cell bodies located in the CNS?
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motoneurons.
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What helps to regenerate skeletal muscle?
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slow axonal transport
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What substance provides energy for maximum muscle contraction for approximately 15 seconds?
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Creatine Phosphate
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The gaps or spaces seen in myelin sheaths are known as?
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The Nodes of Ranvier
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This type of skeletal muscle fiber contains many capillaries, large amounts of myoglobin, resists fatigue by contracting slower than other fibers, and is the smallest in diameter?
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Slow oxidative
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A cardiac muscle contains:
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contains sarcomeres and intercalated disks
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What is the filum terminale?
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It is the extension of Pia mater that anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx
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Which type of Nueroglia is not associated with the Central Nervous system?
A. Microglia B. Astrocytes C. Satellite Cells D.Oligodendrocytes E.Ependymal Cells |
C. Satellite Cells
Satellite Cells are flat neuroglial cells that surround cell bodies of peripheral nervous system ganglia to provide structural support and regulate the exchange of material between neuronal cell body and interstitial fluid. |
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What; Occurs inside of the mitochondria, provides more energy than glycolysis and occurs in slow oxidative skeletal muscle fibers?
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Aerobic respiration of a muscle
(Answers A, B. C are correct) |
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Secretions of the gastrointestinal tract and contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the gastrointestinal tract are locally controlled by the ?
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Enteric nervous system
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What is it called when more motor units are activated to allow for a greater strength of contraction?
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motor unit recruitment
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What is produced by different ion concentrations on each side of the axon membrane?
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Resting membrane potential
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An IPSP is inhibitory because? (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential. )
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It causes hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic neuron.
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Lack of acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft would result in?
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Muscle relaxation
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The sternocleidomastoid muscle extends from the mastoid process of the temporal bone to the sternum and medial clavicle. When both sternocleidomastoid muscles contract together the head flexes. By definition, the end of the muscle that attaches to the sternum would be the
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origin
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At the end of skeletal muscle contraction, calcium:
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is actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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What transmits nerve impulses away from the cell boy, and is sometimes surrounded by myelin sheaths?
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An axon
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This structure maintains resting membrane potential by taking care of ion leakage across the axolemma?
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Sodium/Potassium AtPase pump
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What is Myasthenia Gravis?
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An Autoimmune disorder where antibodies bind to Acetylcholine receptors .
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What cell produces myelin in the Peripheral Nervous System?
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The Schwann Cell.
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A____?____ is associated with movement of ions through gap junctions?
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A electrical synapse is associated with movement of ions through gap junctions.
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What is the fleshy portion of a muscle called?
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The Belly
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T or F? Generally, a thin axon will transport a nerve impulse faster than a thick axon.
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False. A thick axon will transport faster then a thin axon.
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T or F? Thin filaments are made up of myosin?
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False. (Thick filaments are made up of the protein myosin)
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T or F? Skeletal muscle displays muscle tone, even at rest?
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True
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T or F? Muscle contraction is triggered by the release of acetylcholine from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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False.
(Muscle contraction is triggered by the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum). |
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T or F? Nissl bodies are involved with protein synthesis in smooth muscle cells?
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False
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T or F? Arachnoid mater is the middle meningeal layer?
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True: ( E. D. S. A. S. P. )
Epidural Space Duramater Subdural Space Arachnoid Mater Subarachnoid space Pia mater |
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True or False? The neurotransmitter serotonin is associated with sensory perception, mood control, temperature regulation, appetite, and sleep induction?
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True
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A neurilemma is produced by what cell?
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The Schwann Cells
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True or False? All neurons have myelin sheaths?
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False.
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Describe the difference between satellite cells in muscle, and satellite cells in the nervous system?
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Satellite cells in the muscle system can differentiate to become new muscle cells. And, Satellite cells in the nervous system, aid in the nutrition of the nervous system.
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Name the two meningeal layers on both sides of the subarachnoid space. What substance is normally found in this space?
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The arachnoid mater and the pia mater are the meningeal layers on the sides of the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space contains shock absorbing cerebral spinal fluid.
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Specifically, what occurs inside of the sarcomere after the phosphate group is released from the myosin head?
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????
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Describe Wallerian degeneration?
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Wallerian degeneration is when the part of the axon distal to the injury degenerates
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Describe what occurs at the axon hillock to initial depolarization?
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The flow of sodium ions into the neuron
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Describe one of the ways smooth muscle can be repaired?
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Smooth muscles can enlarge to help with contraction or differentiate to become new muscle cells.
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What is a contralateral reflex?
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A reflex that affects the opposite side of the body. (Sensory impulses enter one side of the spinal cord and motor impulses exit the spinal cord on the opposite side)
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Nerve impulse transmission that appears to jump from one Node of Ranvier to the next is known as ____?___ conduction?
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Saltatory conduction
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Gaps in Myelin Sheath are called?
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The nodes of Ranvier
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The integration of EPSPs and IPSPs are known as?
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summation
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What are bipolar neurons?
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Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite that come off of the cell body (in different areas) are structurally classified as Bipolar Neurons
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What is the nerve signal that is made up of depolarization and repolarization?
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Action potential.
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A group of genetic disorders that cause degeneration of skeletal muscle is known as?
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Muscular Dystrophy
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What is converted to lactic acid when there is no oxygen available to the cell?
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Pyruvic acid
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The distal end of the spinal cord is called the ?
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Conus Medullaris
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What is muscle fatigue?
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The inability of a muscle to contract forcefully after prolonged activity is called muscle fatigue.
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Calcium binds to___?____, then tropomyosin undergoes conformational change to expose the binding sites?
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trepenin
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Relative Refractory Period is:
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Associated with the action potential when the voltage across the is below RMP
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A decrease in dopamine secreting neurons in the brain is associated with the disorder known as?
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Parkinsons disease
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What is a ganglion?
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It is usually a group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the central nervous syste,
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Name the cell that provides nutritional support to neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System?
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Satellite Cells
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Define Wave summation?
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Wave summation is the increased strength of a muscle contraction due to a rapid increase of neuron synapses closely together.
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Describe the term inhibitory post-synaptic potential?
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The term inhibitory post-synaptic potential is because it is inhibitory to the post synaptic neuron because it causes hyperpolorization in the post synaptic neuron.
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This movement is associated with a bone that moves around its own longitudinal axis?
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Rotation
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This occurs when bony matrix is deposited on the outer surface to allow bone to grow thicker.
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Appositional growth
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What contains both collagen and elastin fibers?
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The dermis
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What term is defined as the destruction of existing matrix, so the raw materials can be re-used?
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reabsorption
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What contains dead cells?
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The stratum corneum
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Tyrosinase is required for the production of?
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Melanin
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The ability of muscle to stretch without being damaged is?
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Extensibility
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A sebaceous gland-
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Is an exocrine gland in the dermis of the skin, almost always associated with a hair follicle and it secrets sebum.
(none of the above answers are correct) |
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The process of fibrosis results in?
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Scar formation
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During fracture repair?
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The capillaries infiltrate the fracture site before bone is laid down.
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The cells i the epidermis that arise from red bone marrow are the ?
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Langerhans cells.
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What kind of cartilage makes up articular cartilage?
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hyaline cartilage makes up articular cartilage.
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Which of the following would you expect to happen to you if you were outside and the temperature is 32 degrees fahrenheit?
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-Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the dermis
-Decreased activity of the sudoriferous glands. (Both A and C are correct) |
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The term contact inhibition refers to the?
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End of migration of epidermal cells once these touch one another.
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What is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber called?
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the sarcolemma
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Articulations like the pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks, and epiphyseal joints are classified as
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cartilaginous joints
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A structure that is associated with synovial joints that secrete a viscous fluid that coats articular cartilage?
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Is a synovial membrane
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Damage to a ligament is called?
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A sprain
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What is a bursae?
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It is a flattened fibrous sac that occur wherever two tissues tend to cause friction
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What is a Aponeurosis?
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A broad, flat tendon
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What space contains bone marrow?
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The medullary cavity
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T or F? Fibrous joints contain cartilage?
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False
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T or F? Myofibrils are thicker than myofibers?
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False, Myofibers are thicker than myofibrils
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T or F? The concentric lamellae of Osteons contains collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite?
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True. The concentric lamellae of Osteons contain collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite.
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T or F? Rheumatoid arthritis is a degenerative disorder of synovial joints associated with the normal stress placed on a joint.
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False, Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disorder of the synovial joints associated with the normal stress placed on a joint.
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Rheumatoid arthritis is:
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RA is a autoimmune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues- in this case, its own cartilage and joint linings.
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T or F? The superficial fascia around a muscle is also known as the hypodermis?
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True. The superficial fascia around a muscle is also known as the hypodermis.
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T or False? Calcitonin would be released into the blood strem if a person has hypocalcemia?
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False.
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T or False? Yellow bone marrow can perform hemopoiesis?
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False
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True or False? The dermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells?
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False, they epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelial cells.
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True or False? Spongy bone consists of an irregular lattice of thin bone that is formed along lines of stress?
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True. Spongy bones consist of an irregular lattice of thin bone that is formed along lines of stress
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Describe an apocrine gland and give a common location in the body for this type of gland.
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Apocrine glands are one of two sweat glands. They are usually found in the axilla of the groin. Apocrine glands release a watery like substance that contain proteins and liquids.
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Describe the function of a Merkel Cell. Accurately, describe the location of this type of cell.
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Merkel cells are a type of cell in the epidermis of hairless skin. Merkel cells make contact with the merkel discs, which are nerve endings that function as touch receptors.
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Describe wound healing in the epidermis when only the epidermis is damaged.
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When only the epidermis is damaged, we can also call it superficial wound healing. In superficial wound healing the cells around the wound enlarge and migrate together to fill the gap made by the wound. Migration stops when the two cells touch (contact inhibition). Then mitosis is prompted in the stratum basal to create new cells to replace the old cells.
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Name the Mesenchymal cell associated with bone.
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An Osteogenic cell
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Describe Keratin
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keratin is a water insoluble protein that hardens structures.
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Describes a Volkmann's Canal?
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Volkmann's Canal is a channel of vessels and nerves that connect adjacent osteons and osteons to the bone.
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Describe a third degree burn.
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A third degree burn destroys the epidermis as well as the full thickness of the dermis
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Define adduction
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Adduction is the movement of a limb towards the midline.
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The region of a long bone that is not covered by periosteum is covered by what?
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Hyaline cartilage
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What is the term used to describe the type of fibrous joint shaped like a peg that fits into a socket?
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Gomphosis is the term used to describe the type of fibrous joint shaped like a peg that fits into a socket.
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What is the yellow/orange pigment of the skin?
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Carotene
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The study of movement is known as?
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Kineseology
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What is defined as an increase in the angle of a joint?
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Extension.
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The ___?___ is the superficial layer of the dermis?
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The papillary region.
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What is the name for the end of a long bone?
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epiphysis
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What is the name of the ground substance of bone?
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hydroxyapetite
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The flat bones of the skull develop by ___?____, a form of bone formation?
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Intramembraneous ossification
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What is a dermatoglyph?
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Your finger prints
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List a sign or symptom associated with hypocalcemia?
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Hypocalcemia is low blood calcium levels. The muscle cannot relax (tetany)
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Describe stratum granulosum
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Stratum granulosum is 3-5 layers thick, it has mostly flattened cells. The cells began to die and create a water resistance (keratinized). The middle layer of the epidermis. It is located between stratum Lucidum and stratum spinosum.
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This is defined as a group of organs that serve a common function
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organ system
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The organelle that synthesizes and modifies lipids is the
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Disease is defined as
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A pathological process with a definite set or characteristics in which part or all of the body is not carrying on its normal function
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Which of the following processes require energy?
A. osmosis B. endocytosis C.Facilitated diffusion D.Diffusion E. None of the above |
Endocytosis is a process that requires energy.
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This is the site or ribosome synthesis?
A. cytoskeleton B. Lysosome C.Ribosome D. Golgi complex E. None of the above answers are correct. |
E. None of the above answers are correct (endoplasmic reticulum is the site of ribosome synthesis I think)
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An alpha helix or beta pleated sheet formation in a polypeptide best describes the ___?___
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Secondary structure
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What are some properties of water?
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-It is a polar molecule
-It has the ability to dissolve other chemical substances -It requires a lot of energy to change its temperature -It participates in most chemical reactions in the body. |
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What is Hydrolysis
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The breaking down of larger molecules into smaller molecules by adding water
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What is a substance that is produced by the nucleus, transported to the cytoplasm, then used to transport individual amino acids?
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Transfer RNA
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Of the 5 choices, which of the following would be the best choice for a symptom of a disease?
A. High blood pressure B. Excessive urine output C. A skin rash D. A back ache E. Diarrhea |
D. A back ache
(A symptom can not be proven or disproven) (A sign is a measurable difference) |
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What is the formation of new cells for growth, repair or production of new individual cells?
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Reproduction
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A person in the anatomical position will exhibit all of the following except?
A. Standing erect B. Facing forward (towards observer) C. Feet fat on the floor D. Arms lying across the chest E. Palms facing forward |
All except D. are correct
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In this stage of mitosis the nuclear membrane disappears?
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Prophase
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Which of the following is not associated with translation?
A. This process results in the formation of a polypeptide B. mRNA interacts with the ribosome C. Amino acids are transported to the ribosome D. A process that occurs inside of the nuclear membrane E. codons interact with anticodons |
C. A process that occurs inside of the nuclear membrane is not associated with translation
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What is an example of a positive feedback loop?
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A person is in a weight lifting competition. In order to win, this person must lift more weight than they are accustomed to lifting. This person wins the weightlifting competition, but now suffers from muscle strain.
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This is an exocrine gland in which secretions are released in secretory vesicles from the apical surface of a cell
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Merocrine gland.
A merocrine gland is made up of secretory cells that remain intact throughout the process of formation and discharge of the secretory product, as in the salivary and pancreatic glands. |
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The spine is in what direction to the abdomen
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posterior
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Define Tissue?
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A group of similar cells and the material surrounding these cells.
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Triglycerides are made up of what?
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glycerol and fatty acids
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What is the region of a cell that lies between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane?
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Cytoplasm
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True or False? A base is a substance that will accept a proton?
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True, A base is a substance that will accept a proton
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True or False? A mid-sagittal section would divide the body into anterior and posterior portions?
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False.
A mid-sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body through the midline into equal left and right portions. |
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True or False? Catabolism involves making large molecules by creating chemical bonds between smaller molecules
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False.
Catabolism are chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds, into simple ones, with the net release of energy. |
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T or F? Introns are commonly found in the cytoplasm?
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False
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T or F? An effector is a part of the feedback loop that notifies the control center of changes in the environment?
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False. A receptor is the part of the feedback loop that notifies the control center of changes in the environment.
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True or False? Primary Active Transport requires specific transport molecules and AtP to move specific substances across a plasma membrane?
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True
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True or False? An electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane is produced by different ions that are located on each side of the membrane?
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True, An electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane is produced by different ions that are located on each side of the membrane
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True or False? Histology refers to the study of individual cells?
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False. Cytology refers to the study of individual cells. Histology refers to the study of tissues.
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True or False. A receptor is a structure that monitors changes in homeostasis, then relays this information to the control center.
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True.
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What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?
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Cytokinesis is the distribution of the cytoplasm into two separate cells during cell division. Mitosis is the orderly division of the nucleus of a cell that ensures that each new nucleus has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the original nucleus. The process includes the replication of chromosomes and the distribution of the two sets of chromosomes into two separate and equal nuclei. The mitosis process is fulfilled in four stages; prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
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Accurately define osmosis?
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Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules through a selective permeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration, until an equilibrium is reached.
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Describe a gap junction
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A tubular fluid filled junction that attaches between the cell membrane and other cells
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Define or describe an oblique plane.
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An oblique plane divides the body or an organ in a diagonal way. (At a slant) into superior and inferior plans.
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List one difference between primary active transport and facilitated diffusion.
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Primary active transport is a process that uses specific transport molecules and the energy of ATP to move substances across the plasma membrane. And Facilitated diffusion is a type of passive transport that allows substances to cross membranes with the assistance of special transport proteins.
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Describe the cytosol?
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Cytosol is the liquid portion of the cytoplasm an includes mostly water.
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What are a type of cell junction that attaches cells to the basement membrane?
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hemidesmososmes
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What is the anatomical term that refers to being close to or on the surface of the body?
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Superficial
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What are the fluid tight seals that line organ surfaces or body cavities?
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Tight junctions
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Chromosome replication occurs during the ___?___ of the cell cycle?
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S phase
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What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
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monosaccharides
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What is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction?
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A Catalyst
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A ph of 4 would be considered?
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Acidic
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Another anatomical term for posterior is?
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dorsal
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What is the careful cutting apart of body structures to better understand them?
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dissection
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Two glucose molecules combine to form the disaccharide?
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maltose
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What kind of membranes line the cavities of freely moveable joints?
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Synovial membranes.
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The time following stimulus during which a muscle is unable to respond to another stimulus is called the ?
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refractory period
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An isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens to produce movement to increase the angle at a joint is called an ____?___ contraction?
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eccentric isotonic
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Nerves are surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called
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epineurium
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The region of the sarcolemma adjacent to the axon terminals at a neuromuscular junction is called the
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motor end plate
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The stem cells of smooth muscle tissue are called?
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Pericytes
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Neurons that serve the integrative function of the nervous system are called?
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interneurons
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At rest, the extracellular fluid around a neurons plasma membrane is especially rich in positively charged
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Sodium (Na+)
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A highly reactive free radical that acts as a neurotransmitter that is formed on demand is?
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nitric oxide
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Proprioception and discriminative touch are some of the sensory imputs transmitted by the sensory tracts located in the
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posterior column
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The effector associated with sympathetic postganglionic fibers that leave the middle and inferior cervical ganglia is the
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heart
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Each specific type of sensation is called a
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sensory modality
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Sensations is ?
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the conscious and unconscious awareness of external stimuli
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Receptors that provide information concerning body position and movement are classified as
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proprioceptors
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A decreased sensitivity when a stimulus is applied for a long time is known as a
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adaption
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what kind of neurons conduct impulses from the spinal cord and brain stem to the thalamus?
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second order neurons
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the region of the cerebral cortex that provides major control for initiation of voluntary movements is the
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primary motor area
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In a ___?____ neuronal circuit a single neuron receies imput from several sources.
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converging
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The what is responsible for maintaining consciousness and for awakening from sleep?
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reticular activating system
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What is the study of the structure of the body and the relation of its part to each other?
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Anatomy
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What is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue lying deep to the epidermis?
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The dermis
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Define disease
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Refers to an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs or symptoms
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Distinguishing one disease from another or determining the nature of a disease from signs and symptoms by inspection, palpation, laboratory tests, and other means is called
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Diagnosis
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Homeostasis is defined as
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the condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits
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Define physiology
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The science that deals with the functions of an organism or its parts
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Pia mater
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the intermost of the three meninges (coverings) of the brain and spinal cord
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The pineal gland secretes?
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melatonin
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Define symptom
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a subjective change in body function not apparent to an observer, such as pain or nausea, that indicates the presence of a disease or disorder of the body.
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Define sign
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Any objective evidence of disease that can be observed or measured, such as a lesion, swelling or a fever.
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Define enzyme
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A substance that accelerates chemical reactions, an organic catalyst, usually a protein
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What is a permanent structure within a cell with characterized morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities
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an organelle
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negative feedback system
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A feedback cycle that reverses a change in a controlled condition
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What is a feedback cycle that strengthens or reinforces a change in a controlled condition?
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a positive feedback system
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What is ones genotype?
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The genetic makeup of an individual, the combination of alleles present at one or more chromosomal locations, as distinguished from the appearance.
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What is the complete set of gens of an organism called?
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The genome
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What is the study of genes and hereditary?
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genetics
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What is an organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen . The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is usually 2:1
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Carbohydrates. Some examples include, sugars, glycogen, starches, and glucose
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What is a system composed of organs such as the skin, hair, oil and sweat glands, nails and sensory receptors?
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The integumentary system.
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What are intercalated discs?
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An irregular transverse thickening of sarcolemma that contains desmosomes, which hold cardiac muscle fibers together., and gap junctions, which aid in conduction of muscle actionpotentials from one fiber to the next.
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What are lipids
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an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is usually insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. Examples include triglycerides (fats and oils), phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids.
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What are proteins?
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An organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes phosphorus and sulfur. They are synthesized on ribosomes and made up of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
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What is a fibrous joint?
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A joint that allows little or no movement, such as a suture or a syndesmosis
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What is a cartilaginous joint
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A joint without a synovial (joint) cavity where the articulating bones are held tightly together by cartilage, allowing little or no movement.
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What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?
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Stratum Corneum
Stratum Lucidum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basal |
