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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anthropology
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the study of human species and diversity and change across time and space
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Holistic approach
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not limited by space,time, or dimension of human experience
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Comparative approach
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looking at different phenomenon across human experiences in time. Gives insight into similarities and differences across different cultures and within one culture.
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society
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organized life in groups
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culture
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traditions, customs, norms, beliefs, and behaviors
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adaption and variation
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adaption and variation are ways of coping with change or challenging circumstances
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biological anthropology
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human variation and adaptation, evolution
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archeology
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human diversity in change in past societies; study material culture, environmental history, architecture, and landscapes
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socioculture
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how people produce meaning in their lives, religion, economics, culture, and social standings
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linguistic anthropology
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relationships between language, communication, and culture
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ethnographic fieldwork
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long term, gain much more insight, not a member of that society but not a stranger
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participant observation
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become a participant in that society
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excavation
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revelation of archaeological remains and the gathering and recording of these remains
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biological myth
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we can't separate culture from biology
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adaption
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ways of coping with change or challenging circumstances
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human phenotypic variation and adaptation are____________
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biological processes
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interaction among genetic, environmental and sociocultural factors
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the role of culture in human adaptation
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In what ways do humans vary?
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-phenotypic
-race and ethnicity -culture |
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hominins are:
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-bipedal
-intelligent, social, cultural, tool-usin |
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bipedalism clues:
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1.Angle of foramen magnum (90-180 degrees)
2.Pelvis shape 3.Articulation of femur and pelvis 4.Knock-knees |
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Bipedal blues
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1. Chronic backaches
2. Complicated births |
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Evolution
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change over time
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Microevolution
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changes in the genetic makeup of population
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Macroevolution
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change on the scale of separate gene pools
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Phenotypic plasticity
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a range of expressions within a species; environment affects how we appear or the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment
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Genotype
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DNA, your genes, genetic makeup
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Phenotype
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outward appearance, genotype and environment
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Population
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culture, migration
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Four forces in micro/macroevolution
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1.Natural selection
2.Mutation 3.Gene flow(migration) 4.Genetic drift |
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Natural selection
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Non-random; acts on "fitness" of phenotype; interacts with other forces of microevolution; result in different rates of fitness and fertility
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Mutation
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The only sources of new variation; random changes to genetic material; happens regularly but is neutral/invisible
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Gene flow
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random in effect on gene pool;migration;movement of genes between breeding populations; increases diversity within a population
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Genetic drift
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decreases genetic diversity in a breeding population; random in effect on gene pool; isolation of populations; genetic “bottleneck” events. Ex. Giant meteor killing off half the human population would decrease genetic diversity
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Popular model of Race
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1.widespread assumption that race is biological variation
2.races as biologically discrete categories |
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Social Scientists' Model
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1.an ethnicity widely believed to be based in biology and genetics
2.race is a sociocultural category |
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Is race real?
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Real in that it is a way to categorize people in a sociocultural sense, however, race has no biological basis
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The peopling of Earth/global human diaspora
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Paleolithic
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Climate change- changes in subsistence and settlement patterns
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Mesolithic/last glaciation
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Adaption through domestication
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Around Neolithic era
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Change from exclusive foragers to food producer trade-offs:
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1.Increased risks of famine
2.Changing diets; increased nutritional disease 3.Changing exposure to infectious diseases 4.Zoonosis-species to species |
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Signs of domestication in plants:
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1.Increased size of fruit
2.Loss of natural mean os seed dispersal 3.Loss of protective mechanisms 4.Changes in pattern of germination of seeds 5. Simultaneous ripening |
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Signs of domestication in plants:
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1.Neotony:animals look more cute,infantile due to domestication
2. Altered age/sex ratios 3.Increased size of animal or desired body part of animal 4.Decreased natural defenses |
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Culture
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traditions,customs,norms,beliefs,and behaviors
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Society
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organized life in groups; structure and hierarchy; material and interpersonal relationships; classical typologies based on subsistence, politics, and population
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culture is:
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Learned
Holistic(touches every aspect of our lives) Shared Symbolic Integrated |
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Culture according to TYLOR
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“that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
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Culture according to GOODNUFF
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“what you need to get by”
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Ethnocentrism
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belief in the superiority of one’s own culture
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Essentialism
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-viewing identities as innate, uniform, or unchanging
-taking stereotypes of different groups and projecting them onto other groups and others of that group |
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What is cultural relativism?
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putting yourself in the shoes of the culture you’re examining in order to better understand them
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Essentialism
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judging another culture from your own standpoint
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Emic
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An insider's perspective
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Etic
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An outsiders perspective (i.e.-essentialism)
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Ethnicity
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-Tribal, racial, national, historical, geographical, linguistic heritage, shared religious beliefs, common descent (of people, ideas, or traditions)
-Phenotype (biophysical, decorative, cosmetic) |
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Social statuses
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-an individual’s position in social groups
-class position or location in social hierarchy -can occupy multiple; depends on context |
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Social class
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occupation, education, income, wealth
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Gender
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-a sociocultural system
-has 3 dimensions significant to identity: --social sex roles, gendered norms --gendered diversity and stratification --psychological gender |
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sex
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biological variation determined by 5 primary factors:
--chromosomal makeup (XX or XY) --presence/absence of different sex hormones --type of gonads --the internal reproductive organs --the appearance of the external genitalia |
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How an individual identifies his or herself within the scope of gender
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Gender system
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The gender binary
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-sex and gender conflated; collapsed into two social categories
• part of enculturation • can start before birth • dressing girls in pink, boys in blue |
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Gender system
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Traits a society assigns to ones sex
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What is the traditional classification of types of subsistence?
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-hunting and gathering/foraging
-->dumpster diving, truffle hunting -pastoralism -->herding, livestock production -horticulture -->small-yield crop production -agriculture -->high-yield crop production |
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Intensive
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high costs, high gross benefits
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Extensive
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low costs, low gross benefits (i.e. horticulture)
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Myth of barter
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-before money, there was only barter
-money evolved to solve the coincidence of wants -but anthropologists have not found any barter economies |
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generalized reciprocity
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an exchange where a person gives a good or a service to someone else but does not receive anything back at that time
--expectation that the act will be returned in the future --gifts between FRIENDS-- |
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balanced reciprocity
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a direct exchange where the two parties involved seek to arrive at a mutually acceptable price or exchange for goods or services
-DONE WITH STRANGERS- |
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negative reciprocity
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attempt to get something for nothing with impunity; may be described as haggling, barter, or theft
--the most impersonal form of change --interested parties seek to maximize their gains --not social ---Done between ENEMIES--- |
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Colonialism
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-15th-20th centuries
-direct control of area through colonial administration -expansion of political and economic power of ‘metropole’ |
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Neocolonialism
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-since mid-20th century
-indirect control of area through policy, aid, and trade agreements -expansion of political and economic power of ‘core’ |
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Similarities between colonialism and neocolonialism
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-unequal social relation
-undemocratic and exploitive |
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Reasons for colonization:
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1.Capitalism
2.Nationalism 3.Colonialos Ideologies |
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Capitalism
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-requires expansion (major drive of colonialism)
-materials for industrial production -new market for export goods |
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Nationalism
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-distract from internal revolt by colonizing outside
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Colonialist Ideologies
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-cultural imperialism
-”White Man’s Burden” → obligation to rule over other backgrounds/territories -encourage other cultures to be more European because they can’t govern themselves and fall short |
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How did the Colonial Metropole control colonized people and territory?
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1.Military power
2.Political Power and Governing Strategies 3.Economic power,duel economics, and Bureaucracy 4.Propegating colonial ideologies |
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Military Power
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-forced conscription and corvée labor
-’gunboat diplomacy’ --i.e. shock & awe strategy |
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Political Power and Governing Strategies
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-indirect rule; limited number of administrators (British strategy)
-La politique des races; many administrators; hierarchy created (French strategy) |
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Economic Power, Dual Economies, and Bureaucracy
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-carrot and stick strategy
--carrot → consumer goods --stick → taxation, legibility |
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Propagating Colonial Ideologies
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-education, missionization
-Carlisle School for civilizing → “kill the Indian, save the child” -demonstration of colonial ideology in daily life |
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International development
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-more developed countries supplying aid to less developed countries
-intervention for greater health care, education, etc. -misguided due to the misinterpretation of what the country needs, or what it’s culture is. Most development does more harm than good if it does anything at all. |