Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
dysarthria
|
disturbances in muscle control of the speech mechanism resulting from impairment of basic motor processes
|
|
apraxia
|
breakdown in voluntary control of muscle activity due to cerebral lesion, even in presence of normal strength
|
|
Lowest level of muscular control
|
-neurons connecting CNS to the muscle fibers
-final common pathway -for respiration, LMN come from the spinal cord |
|
High level of muscular control
|
-voluntary movements
-initiating movement- motor arias of the brain -based in and coordinated by the cerebellum |
|
what muscles can dysarthria affect
|
-respiration
-larynx -pharynx -soft palate -lips -tongue |
|
dysarthria may compromise:
|
-muscle strength
-muscle tone -speed -range -accuracy -steadiness |
|
flaccid dysarthria
|
damage from lower motor neurons supplying speech mechanism or actual speech mechanisms
-voluntary control is lost -myasthenia gravis and muscular dystrophy |
|
flaccid dysarthria may result in:
|
-speech sound distortion
-paralysis of articulators -dysphonia -monotone voice quality -reduced air volume -hypernasaility |
|
spastic dysarthria
|
-damage to upper motor neurons, which convey impulses from the brain to the lower motor neurons
-hyperreflexia, loss of voluntary movement -psudobulbar palsy |
|
spastic dysarthria may result in:
|
-slow and labored speech produced with considerable effort
-articulatory incompetence -insufficient prosody -monotone -harsh voice quality and pitch breaks |
|
hypokenetic dysarthria
|
loss of domaniergic neurons, as seen in parkinson's disease
-progressive and degenerating |
|
hypokentic dysarthria may result in:
|
-monotone
-variable rate of production, problems with initiation -articulatory imprecision -decreased breath support |
|
hyperkenetic dysarthria
|
-abnormal involuntary movements that disturb the rate and rhythm of motor activities
-impairment of basal ganglia -degenerative disease process -vascular disease -trauma -inflammation -metabolic disorders |
|
hyperkenetic dysarthria may manifest as:
|
-myoclonic jerks
-tics -dyskenesia -dystonia |
|
ataxic dysarthria
|
-damage to the cerebellum
-uncoordination -multiple sclerosis -metabolic disorders -trauma -tumors -stroke |
|
ataxic dysarthria may result in:
|
-articulation breakdown
-prosody breakdown -vowel distortions -prolongation -voice deviations |
|
mixed dysarthria
|
-an injury or disease process involves more than one level of the motor system
|
|
developmental dysarthria
|
-injury to brain before, during, or shortly after birth
-cerebral palsy -cognitive deficits -requires multidisciplinary intervention |
|
acquired dysarthria
|
-secondary to lesion on the brain from trauma or illness
-complicated by developmental sequence -requires multidisciplinary intervention -better potential for recovery |
|
acquired apraxia of speech
|
-motor speech programming disorder (coordination and planning)
-breakdown in articulation and prosody -struggling behavior observed -able to produce automatic speech -problematic during repetition |
|
developmental apraxia
|
-seen as phonological impairment
-may involve problems with coordinating other oral movements (swallowing) -may involve language deficits |
|
apraxia diagnosis
|
-specific to articulatory funtion and coordination
-some preserved ability to speak normally in certain contexts -sounds involve substitutions, additions and repetitions |
|
dysarthria diagnosis
|
-involves multiple processes
-consistently impaired across contexts -sound errors involve simplifications or omissions of target sounds |
|
acoustic assessment
|
-highlight aspects of sound augment perceptions
-oscillographic -spectroscopic |
|
physiological assessment
|
-individual motor subsystems
-measurement of airflow, air pressure, strength and coordination |