Final Marine Bio Test

Front 1

Converting sun energy into food energy

Back 1

photosynthesis

Front 2

producing own energy

Back 2

photoautotrophs

Front 3

converting C molecules (CO2 and CH4) into carbohydrates.... this is the oxidation of inorganic molecules

Back 3

Chemosynthesis

Front 4

CO2 is their carbon source
no light needed
get energy by oxidizing inorganics
in hydrothermal vents
Prokaryotes
-bacteria or archaea
Dont need light

Back 4

Chemoautotrophs

Front 5

these are primary producers and produce 90-96% of surface ocean's carbohydrates

Back 5

Primary Producers

Front 6

seaweeds are...

Back 6

primary producers!

Front 7

Chemo-synthetic organisms are...
examples?

Back 7

primary producers
-prokaryote individuals or those symbiotic with larger animals

Front 8

who produces own food
like:
-photosynthesis
-Chemosynthesis

Back 8

Autotrophs/Producers

Front 9

how eats other organisms

Back 9

herterotrophs/ consumers

Front 10

who breaks down dead organisms or waste

Back 10

decomposers

Front 11

Trophic lvls

Back 11

Top Consumers
--the top of the trophic pyramid

secondary consumers (carnivores)
--eat primary consumers

primary consumers (herbivores)
--eat producers

Front 12

Gross ecological efficiency

Back 12

when only 10% efficiency is transferred per lvl

Front 13

photosynthesis reaction

Back 13

Co2 + H2O => C6H12O6 + O2

Front 14

Why carries out photosynthesis?

Back 14

duh! photoautotrophs and primary producers

Front 15

Chemosynthesis Equation

Back 15

6CO2 + 6O2 + 24 H2S

=> Glucose + 24sulfur + 18 H2O

Front 16

What are the major primary Chemosynthesis producers anyways?

Back 16

bacteria or archaea

Front 17

What is a food web?
Describe the flow of energy...

Back 17

a group of organisms linked by complex feeding relationships

Flow of energy from primary producers through consumers

Front 18

Three water zones

Back 18

OCEANIC ZONE
-offshore pelagic zone beyond the continental shelf

NERITIC ZONE
-near shore pelagic zone over the continental shelf

PELAGIC ZONE
-open water

Front 19

oceanic subdivisions (by depth)

Back 19

EPIPELAGIC
-only zone to support photosynthesis

MESOPELAGIC
-bioluminescent organisms live here!

BATHYPELAGIC

ABYSSOPELAGIC

Front 20

What are the bottom zones?

Back 20

littoral zone- intertidal
benthic zone- bottom zone

Front 21

Benthic environments

Back 21

SUPRALITTORAL
SUBMERITIC
littoral
sublittoral
-inner
-outer
SUBOCEANIC
bathyal
abyssal
hadal

Front 22

water is ______ more dense than air
water is 100 times more _____ than air

Back 22

800

viscous

Front 23

small organisms use this to prevent sinking

Back 23

viscosity

Front 24

for large organisms... this is a drag

Back 24

viscosity

Front 25

Define drag

Back 25

resistance to movement

Front 26

how to resist drag

Back 26

streamline shape

Front 27

what is this?!?!?
flattened body
tapering back end
reducing drag and energy loss!?!

Back 27

StReAmLiNiNg!!

Front 28

what limits the penetration of light in the ocean?

Back 28

number and type of particles

Front 29

_________ is selectively absorbed

Back 29

light

Front 30

types of light zones

Back 30

photic
-euphotic
-disphotic
aphotic

Front 31

describe the euphotic zone and where it is located

Back 31

in the photic zone...
-upper portion of photic zone
-area of biological productivity
-70m deeo

Front 32

describe the location and the characteristics of the disphotic zone

Back 32

in the photic zone
-some light but no photosynthesis

Front 33

what is the photic zone

Back 33

this film in surface zone (100-200m). This is the cealr open ocean water where light penetrates to 600m

Front 34

what is the aphotic zone

Back 34

this is the permanently DARK layer below the photic zone all the way to the sea floor

Front 35

coastal ocean

Back 35

high suspended particles

Front 36

this causes the edudation of predators and the ability to stalk prey

Back 36

water's transparency

Front 37

__ ____ is nearly isothermal

Back 37

deep ocean

Front 38

Temperature of ocean

Back 38

only small variations (daily seasonally anually)

Front 39

ectothermic

Back 39

cold blooded
-internal temp is close to environment
-warmer temp = faster metabolism

Front 40

endothermic

Back 40

warm blooded!
-can tolerate lots of temps
-internal temp can vary only slightly

Front 41

types of toleration to salinity

Back 41

euryhalide
-tolerate large changes
stenohalide
-tolerate only small changes

Front 42

in diffusion.... waste passes from ___ to ____

Back 42

cell to ocean

Front 43

In osmosis, what is needed to stop the passage of water molecules

Back 43

pressure

Front 44

what wavelengths of light travel longest? shortest?

Back 44

longest is blue and green
shortest is red

Front 45

______ = primary productivity

Back 45

1st 2000 meters

Front 46

zone in ocean is permanently dark

Back 46

aphotic zone

Front 47

coastal vs oceanic

Back 47

in coastal ocean, green light travels further than blue

Front 48

counter shading

Back 48

dark on top and white on bottom

Front 49

disruptive coloration

Back 49

bold colors like the casey fish

Front 50

Isotonic
hypertonic
hypotonic

Back 50

isotonic is evenly distributed

hypertonic is so excited that it shrivels! (actually water just flows out to match the really salty water)

hypotonic is when a cell is hugeo! it explands because there is too much salt in it wans needs water to even it out

Front 51

marine vs freshwater fish

Back 51

marine fish are hypotonic
-drink large quantities of water
-secrete salt through special cells
-small volumes of highly concentrated urine

freshwater fish are hypertonic
-dont drink! ..too hyper so dont need to :)
-cells absorb salt
-large colume of dilute urine

Front 52

three types of classifications of marine organisms (think aquarium)

Back 52

plankton! floaters
Nekton swimmers
Benthos sinkers-i mean bottom dwellers

Front 53

this classification is very diverse and has every major group of animals in it

Back 53

plankton

Front 54

examples of plankton

Back 54

phytoplankton and zooplankton

Front 55

phytoplankton vs zooplankton

Back 55

PHYTOPLANKTON
autotrophs that photosynthesize
unicellular like diatoms and flagellates

ZOOPLANKTON
heterotrophic
organisms are mixotropic and can be unicellular and multicellular

Front 56

Nekton... what are they

Back 56

independent swimmers
-ie most adult fish and squid
-marine mammals and reptiles

Front 57

theses eat phytoplankton or eachother

Back 57

zooplankton

Front 58

Benthos
-three types!

Back 58

EPIFAUNA
-on the seafloor surface

INFAUNA
-buried in sidiment

NEKTOBENTHOS
-swim or crawl above the seafloor (octapi!)

Front 59

AUTOTROPHS~
What are the major types of phytoplankton?

Back 59

Bacterioplankton
-cyanobacteria and bacteria
Diatoms
Dinoglafellates
-HABs

Front 60

bacterioplankton

Back 60

-type of phytoplankton
-recycles waste in the ocean through microbial loop if low amount of organisms

Front 61

these contribute to 80% of all photosynthesis in areas with low nutrients

Back 61

bacterioplankton
-cynobacteria an bacteria

Front 62

Diatoms

Back 62

type of phytoplankton
-varied morphology
-largest category of phytoplankton
-create large blooms
-petroleum source
-FRUSTULE
--2 part silica cell wall

Front 63

Dinoflagellates
what do they cause??
what does it lead to?

Back 63

type of phytoplankton
-diverse group of photoautotrophs and heterotrophs
(some use sun and some eat eachother)

causes HABs- harmful algal blooms (red tides)

causes shellfish poisonings
-paralytic sellfish PSP
-neurotoxic Shellfish NSP
-Diarrheic Shellfish DSP
-Amnesic Shellfish ASP
-Ciguatera Fish Poisoning CEP
---causes most food poisoning

Front 64

NEUROTOXIC SHELLFISH POISONING
NSP!

Back 64

culprit- karenia brevis
What it does
-discolored water
-suffocates fish
-open cell mem = constant cell signalling
-temp reversal
-gastrointestinal distress

Front 65

photosynthesis requires 4 components and 2 are never limiting

Back 65

water and carbon dioxide are never limiting

then light and inorganic nutrients are

Front 66

Compensation depth

Back 66

zero net productivity
it breaks even

Front 67

pytoplankton productivity varies with

Back 67

latitude and season

Front 68

Major zooplankton groups

Back 68

cnidarians
ctenophores
crustaceans
polychaetes

Front 69

what are the cnidaria major classes?

Back 69

scyphozoa (true jelly/ moon jellies)

hydrozoa (portugese manofwar)

cubozoa (box jellyfish)

anthozoa (only one not planktonic)

Front 70

ctenphora

Back 70

zooplankton group
eight combs of cilia
bioluminescent

Front 71

phylum chaetognatha

Back 71

planktonic predators
arow worms
eat copepods

Front 72

Polychates

Back 72

phylum annelida
zooplankton

Front 73

Molluscs

Back 73

type of zooplankton
gastropoda

Front 74

Arthropoda
Crustacea

Back 74

type of zooplankton
-copepods and Krill

copepods
-major eaters of phytplankton
-dominate zooplankton

Krill
-suspension feeders
-whales eat them!
-swarms and schools
-bio-luminescent

Front 75

holoplankton vs meroplankton

Back 75

holoplankton
-organisms that are planktonic during their entire life cycle

meroplankton
-organisms that are planktonic for only part of their life (crabs shrimp fish bivalves)

Front 76

Major nekton groups

Back 76

cephalopoda (squid)

FISH
-Chondrichthyes (sharkskatesrays)
-Osteichthyes (bony fish)

Reptiles

Birds

Mammals

Front 77

order teleostei

Back 77

90% of all living fishes
cod tna halibut
goldfish
and mass!

Front 78

Adaptations of fish

Back 78

fins
-paired vertical fins for stabilization
-pelvic fins and pectorals are for steering and balance
-tail fin (caudal) is for the thrust

Front 79

fin designs
CAUDAL FINS

TRUNCATE AND FORKED FINS

LUNATE FINS

HETEROCERCAL FINS

Back 79

caudal fins- flexible, maneuver at slow speeds

truncate and forked fins- maneuvering at fast speeds

lunate fins- rigid and little maneuverability but propels well

heterocercal fins- asymmetrical fins that lift for buoyancy

Front 80

how do fish keep from sinking?

Back 80

osteichthyans have an air bladder

chondrichthyans have a large liver and lift with tail and fins

Front 81

define countercurrent exchange

Back 81

getting air from water
-oxygen diffuses from water to blood in op direction

Front 82

what are the 4 groups of birds?

Back 82

Tubenoses (albatrosses! petrels)
Pelicans
gulls
Penguins

Front 83

3 orders of marine mammals

Back 83

Carnivora
-seals sea lions walruses and sea otters

sirenia
-manatees and dugongs

cetacea
-whales (odontoceti and mysticeti)

Front 84

diff between seals sea lions and walruses?

Back 84

walruses- large tusks
seals- smooth head, no earflap
Sea Lions- hind limbs, greater motion, ear flaps

Front 85

cetacea swimming adaptations

Back 85

steamlined bodies
special skin structure
deep diving
-absorb 90% oxygen
-collapsible lungs

Front 86

suborders of cetacea

Back 86

odontoceti- toothed!
--ALSO HAVE ECHOLOCATION

mysteceti-baleen (filter feeder)