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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fertile
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able to produce abundant crops
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ore
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rocky material containing a valuable mineral
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tertiary economic activities
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service industries such as finance, insurance, and tourism
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moor
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broad, treeless rolling plain
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bogs
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areas of wet, spongy ground
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glen
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a narrow valley
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peat
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a spongy material containing waterlogged mosses and plants
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cultural divergence
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deliberate efforts to keep the cultures separate
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blight
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plant disease
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fjord
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a flooded glacial valley
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geothermal energy
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energy produced from the heat of the earth's interior
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mixed economy
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systems combining different degrees of government regulation
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dialects
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variations of a language that are unique to a region or cummunity
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impressionism
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a style of painting
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nationalized
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brought under state control
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recession
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an extended decline in business activity
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confederation
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loose political union
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reparations
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money for war damages
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inflation
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sharply rising prices
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lignite
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a soft, brown coal
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dike
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embankments of earth and rock
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polder
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land reclaimed from the sea
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decentralize
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transfer power to smaller regions
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cantons
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states
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neutral
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not taking sides in conflicts between other countries
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perishable good
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it does not stay fresh for long
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strip mining
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where miners strip away the surface of the earth to lay bare the mineral deposits
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navigable
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deep and wide enough to allow ships to pass
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dry farming
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methods that leave land unplanted every few years in order to gather moisture
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siroccos
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hot dry winds from northern africa
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hub
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a central point of concentrated activity and influence
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seismic activity
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many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
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subsidence
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a geological phenomenon in which the ground in an area sinks
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renaissance
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a great period of art and learning that started in italy and diffused throughout europe
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graben
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areas of land that have dropped down between faults
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inhabitable
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able to support permanent residents
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tsunamis
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giant sea waves
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national identity
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sense of what characteristics make one a nation
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ghettos
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an area of a city where a minority is forced to live
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holocaust
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the destruction of human life in europe
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velvet revolution
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a revolution without bloodshed
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privitization
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the process of selling government owned industries and businesses to private owners who can run them more efficiently
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collective farms
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workers are paid by the government and they share the profits from the products
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balkanize
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to break up into small, mutually hostile political units
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entrepeneurs
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go getter individuals who start and build businesses
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multiplier effect
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the effect an investment has in multiplying related jobs throughout an economy
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annex
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to formally add
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diversify
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increase the variety of
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tundra
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a largely treeless zone that is dominated by small plants and animals that have adapted to the polar conditions of the region
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taiga
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a broad, forested zone
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steppes
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broad open stretches
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chernozem
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deep roots of the grasses that forms a rich soil
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permafrost
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a layer of permanently frozen soils
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czar
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a series of monarchs
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abdicated
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give up a crown
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soviet
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a governing council
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command economy
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in which a central authority decides what goods will be produced
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glasnost
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openness that allowed the media to say what they wishes without fear of government prosecution
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perestroika
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economic restructuring that called for a gradual change from a command to private ownership
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ruble
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russian currency
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black market
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through which goods and services move unofficially without formal record keeping
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autonomy
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independence
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genocide
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systematic killing or intentional destruction of people
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nationalism
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the desire of a cultural group to rule themselves as a separate nation
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chernozem
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a rich topsoil created by grasses
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fundamentalism
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a set of religiou beliefs based ona strict interpretation of a sacred text such as the koran
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yurts
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large, portable round tents made of wooden frames and covered by skins
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desertification
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the extension of desert landscape through the activities of people and livestock as well as climate changes
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mandate
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referred to land to be governed by an outside power
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zionists
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jews who emigrated and named themselves after the hill in jerusalem
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self determination
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the right to decide their own political furure
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drip irrigation
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preserves precious water by letting precise amounts of water drip onto plants from pipes
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potash
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used in explosives and fertilizer
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fertile crescent
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an arc of rich land
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militia
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citizen army
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anarchy
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lawlessness
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embargo
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a severe restricion on trade with other countries
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desalination
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the removal of salt from seawater so that it could be used for drinking and irrigation
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infrastructure
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a country's basic support facilities, including roads, schools, airports, seaports, and communication systems
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falaj system
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underground and surface canals
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secular
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without religious influence
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shah
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ruler
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ayatollahs
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religious leaders
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