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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many calories are provided by protein, carbohydrate, fat and alcohol?
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protein 4
carbohydrate 4 fat 9 alcohol 7 |
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Be able to calculate the fat percentage of a food item.
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multiply the grams by the cal. per gram
ex: 8 g x (9 fat cal per gram) |
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Know the basic characteristics of vitamins
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organic
not energy yeilding essential water soluble fat soluble vulnerable to destruction |
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Know the basic characteristics of minerals
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inorganic
not energy yeilding essential indestructable |
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What is an essential nutrient?
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nutrient that body doesn't make or that body makes in insufficient amount must be supplied by food
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Which nutrients yield energy upon metabolism?
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carbs
protein fat |
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What does “nutrient density” mean?
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amount of particular nutrient per unit of energy. ratio of nutrient content to calories
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What is fortification?
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addition of nutrients that were not originally present or present in insignificant amounts
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What major food group is highly fortified?
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grains
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What order are the ingredients listed on a label?
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by weight
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In what order does food pass through the G.I. tract (know the order of the parts of the small
intestine)? |
small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum |
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What organ metabolizes drugs and alcohol
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liver
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What nutrients are carried via the lymph system after absorption?
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larger fats
fat soluble vitamins |
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Know the physiological function of the stomach, cardiac sphincter, small intestine, pancreas,
liver, gallbladder, & large intestine. |
stomach adds juices
cardiac sphincter-where esophagus joins the stomach smaill intestine-secretes enzymes that digest food pancreas-releases bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid gallbladder-stores bile large intestine-reabsorbs water and minerals liver-digests fats |
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What are the monosaccharides?
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glucose
fructose galactose |
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What are the disaccharides? What monosaccharides are the disaccharides made from?
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lactose
maltose sucrose |
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What are the water-soluble (viscous) fibers and what are the insoluble fibers?
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water soluble fibers- attracts water and turns to gel digestion
insoluble fibers- adds bulk to stool helps food pass more quickly thru the body |
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What is the normal blood glucose range?
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70-120 mg/dL
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What is the function of insulin?
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lower blood sugar
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What is glycogen and where is it stored?
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storage form of glucose in animals
stored in the liver and muscles |
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What is a triglyceride composed of?
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a glycerol and 3 fatty acids
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How many kcalories are in 1 pound of fat?
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3500
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What are the two essential fatty acids?
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linoleic acid
linolenic acid |
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What foods contain cholesterol?
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meat
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What is an essential amino acid?
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must be supplied by the foods people consume.
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What are the major functions of proteins?
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building materials for growth and maintenance
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What is a limiting amino acid?
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if diet supplies too little of any essential amino acid
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If the diet lacks an essential amino acid, what will be the result?
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protein synthesis will be limited
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What is an anabolic reaction? Catabolic reaction?
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anabolism- building
catabolism-breakdown |
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What is the Cori Cycle?
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pyruvate converted to lactic acid when less oxygen is available which accumulates in the muscles and is converted back to glucose in the liver
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What is the basal metabolic rate?
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amount of daily energy expended while at rest
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What percent does the need for kcalories decline with each passing decade?
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5%
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What is leptin? On what organ or tissue does it primarily act on?
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increase energy expenditure
and decrease appetite acts on hypothalamus |
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What is ghrelin? On what organ or tissue does it primarily act on
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Stimulates appetite
Promoting energy storage acts on hypothalamus |
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What are the general characteristics of water- soluble vitamins?
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travel freely
excess removed in urine absorbed directly into blood |
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What is the main function of the B-Vitamins?
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help release energy
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What amino acid is Niacin synthesized from?
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tryptophan
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What factor is required for B12 absorption? Know good food sources of Vitamin B12
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folate
meat |
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What plant source precursor is converted to Vitamin A in the body?
Know good sources of A. |
beta carotene
dark green or orange veggies animal foods milk |
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What is the main function of Vit D?
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helps absorption of calcium
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How does the body synthesize Vitamin D?
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in the skin as a precursor, sun stimulates it turns into vit D3, in liver adds hydroxy group, kidneys add hydroxyl group
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What are the best sources of vitamin D in diet?
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milk
butter margarine cereal meats |
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What is the main function of Vit E?
What is the main function of Vit K? |
antioxidant
blood clotting |
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What minerals are lost with sweating and bleeding?
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sodium
chloride |
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What hormones regulate the blood level of calcium?
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calcitonin
parathyroid hormone |
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What protein carries iron in the bloodstream?
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transferrin
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What is the major storage form of iron?
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ferritin
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What factors enhance the absorption of iron?
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MFP factor
vitamin C acids |
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What foods reduce the absorption of iron?
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phytates
vegetable proteins calcium in milk tannic acids in coffee or tea |
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Approximately what percentage of iron is normally overall absorbed?
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18%
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What deficiency would a low level of hemoglobin indicate?
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iron deficiency
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What foods have iron added to them in fortification?
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whole grains
cereals |
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What nutrient raises muscle glycogen concentration?
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carbohydrates
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What is a “critical period”?
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finite periods of intense development and rapid cell division (dev. of an organ or tissue)
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