Final Exam Review

Front 1

define sex and prostitution

Back 1

-Prostitution: renting of one’s body for sexual purposes

-Sex: activities associated with arousal, intercourse, and reproduction.

Front 2

sex tourism

Back 2

-visiting a foreign country with goal of having sex with prostitute.

-Becoming so common,now a movement to create an international court to punish offenders.

Front 3

how each of the 3 theories address every chapter

Back 3

?

Front 4

streetwalkers

Back 4

-lowest status among prostitutes, most frequently arrested.

-In some U.S. cities, some are aggressive, hailing passing cars and opening doors stopped at traffic lights.

-Drug addicts involved in other criminal behavior.

Front 5

reason(s) why ppl become prostitutes

Back 5

-Researchers focus on streetwalkers (Biased sampling, means most research comes from poor women who've been arrested)

-Simplest answer is money

-Abused as children, most often by men, become locked into a way of life which continue to be victimized

-“Fallen in love” with a pimp

Front 6

stages of prostitution

Back 6

-stage 1: women drift from casual sex to first act of prostitution

-stage 2: Transitional Deviance: experience role ambivalence, conflicting emotions regarding decision to become a prostitute. Girls try to normalize acts.

-stage 3: Professionalization: identify themselves as prostitutes

Front 7

define pornography

Back 7

writings, pictures, or objects of a sexual nature that ppl object to as being filthy or immoral

Front 8

messe commission (1980s Pres. Reagan)

Back 8

-Concluded that pornography does indeed pose serious threat to women

-also “common-sense” makes it evident that violent pornography causes sex crimes

-If all we need is common sense, we wouldn’t need science,which requires evidence

Front 9

victimless crime

Back 9

-refers to illegal acts between consenting adults.

-Not all prostitution/pornography involve victimless crimes

Front 10

define drug and drug abuse

Back 10

-drug:a substance ppl take to produce change in thinking , consciousness, emotions, bodily functions or behavior.

-drug abuse:using drugs in a way that harm one’s health, impair physical/mental functioning, or interfere with social life.

-We are pro-drug society

Front 11

different reactions to alcohol/drug abuse (ex: withdrawal vs. craving)

Back 11

-withdrawal:intense distress-nausea,vomiting, pains, depression what they feel when abstain from drug.

-withdrawal creates craving (intense desires for missed drug). even after kicked habit, craving lasts years.

-occasional desire for drug:psychological dependence

Front 12

medicalization of human problems

Back 12

-offering medical “solution” for problems that ppl confront in everyday life

-Physicians prescribe drugs for conditions ppl used to assume were normal part of life

-Abuse of prescription drugs to get high became increasingly prevalent among teens/young adults

-Who benefits?
Drug industry
Physicians/pharmacists

Front 13

our current approach to drugs

Back 13

?

Front 14

methadone maintenance

Back 14

example of how labels illegal and legal play key role in developing social policy

Front 15

define social class and social inequality

Back 15

-social class: way economic differences among groups/individuals in society are measured

-social inequality:unequal distribution of wealth, income, power, and poverty

Front 16

define economy and real income

Back 16

-economy: entire social institution that produces and distributes goods and services

-real income: income adjusted for inflation

Front 17

different types of poverty

Back 17

-biological poverty: starvation and malnutrition, poor housing and clothing

-relative poverty: people living below standard of living for their society

-official poverty: income level at which people eligible for welfare

-problems with poverty line: not adjusted for different costs of living

Front 18

poverty line

Back 18

-official measure of poverty; based on three times low-cost food budget.

-problems with poverty line: not adjusted for different costs of living, not up to date.

Front 19

define structural inequality

Back 19

-inequality built into our economic and social institutions.

-solution requires changes in structure, which is creation of more jobs.

Front 20

impact structural inequality has on income and wealth

Back 20

inequality of income: flow of money ppl receive from work and investments.
-one-fifth (20%) of our pop. receives half of nation’s income

inequality of wealth: property, savings, investments, and economic assets ppl own.
-one-third of nation’s wealth in hands of 1% of pop.
-whites have 6x wealth of minorities, on average
-more poor whites than poor African Americans and Latinos

Wealth and power: vast wealth brings vast power (cocoon of privilege)

Front 21

means of production

Back 21

?

Front 22

false class consciousness

Back 22

-mistaken idea of future prosperity.

-acceptance of view of dominant class and failing to recognize that one is being exploited.

Front 23

culture of poverty

Back 23

-definition: ppl who remain poor develop way of life that traps them in poverty.

-some ppl do adopt culture of poverty that perpetuates poor lifestyles

-sociologists focus on structural components and do not blame poor

-most children of poor do not grow up to be poor

Front 24

interest groups

Back 24

-groups organized around some specific interest (from the dairy industry to animal rights)

-ppl united by their mutual interests

Front 25

power elite and pluralists (what's the difference between the two?)

Back 25

-power elite: small, wealthy group makes decisions that direct country and the world (military, political, and corporate).

-not a formal organization; instead, many working together with shared interests and way of thinking.

-pluralists: argue there is no power elite, but instead many interest groups: people united by their mutual interests

Front 26

culture of wealth

Back 26

-set of institutions, customs, values, worldviews, family ties, and connections.

-allow the rich and powerful to perpetuate their privileges

-sociologists are concerned concentration of wealth and power violates democratic process

Front 27

feminization of poverty

Back 27

poverty in the U.S. has become concentrated among women and children.

Front 28

difference between fam. of orientation and fam. of procreation

Back 28

-family of orientation: fam. to which child connects through socialization. into which ppl are born which receive basic orientations to life.

-family of procreation: fam. formed when couple has its first child. formed by marriage and results in birth of children.

Front 29

cohabitation

Back 29

-living together in a sexual relationship outside marriage.

-cohabitation and marrying at a later age:
-changes in age at first marriage
-remaining single

Front 30

middle-town study

Back 30

?