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261 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Don poured himself half a glass of milk. Because he was thirsty, he added half a glass of water to it. In doing so, Don
A) doubled the milk's nutritive density. B) increased the milk's nutritive density by 50%. C) halved the milk's nutritive density. D) reduced the milk's nutritive density by 100%. E) reduced the milk's nutritive density by 33.33%. |
C) halved the milk's nutritive denstity
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People tend to feel hungry
A) at their regular mealtimes, whenever they are. B) at noon. C) in the evening. D) in the morning. E) B, C, and D |
A) at their regular mealtimes, whenever they are.
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All set-point models have
A) a set-point mechanism. B) a detector mechanism. C) an effector mechanism. D) all of the above E) a thermostat. |
D) all of the above
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Glucostatic theory is to lipostatic theory as
A) glucose is to fat. B) short-term is to long-term regulation. C) long-term is to short-term regulation. D) both A and B E) both A and C |
D) Both A and B
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5. As a meal is consumed,
A) there is a rapid decline in the positive-incentive values of the particular tastes that are being consumed. B) there is a decline in the positive-incentive value of the foods that are being consumed but only once they have been completely digested. C) there is a gradual decline in the positive-incentive value of all foods. D) both A and C E) both B and C |
D) Both A and C
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6. Leptin is to insulin as subcutaneous fat is to
A) limb fat. B) arcuate fat. C) visceral fat. D) hind fat. E) melanocortins. |
C) visceral fat
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7. Animals learn to
prefer the tastes of key vitamins and minerals in their food. prefer tastes that have been followed by an infusion of calories. avoid tastes that have been followed by gastrointestinal illness. all of the above both B and C |
Both B and C
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8. The case of R.H., the man who forgot not to eat, suggests that
all obese people eat too much. the motivation to eat a meal does not normally come from the decline of energy resources. only amnesic patients have no set points. amnesic patients forget their set points. there are set points for complex foods such as veal parmigiana. |
the motivation to eat a meal does not normally come from the decline of energy resources.
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Ob/ob mice
convert calories to fat more efficiently than do control mice. use their calories more efficiently than do control mice. have high leptin levels. all of the above both A and B |
Both A and B
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Most of the body's energy reserves are stored in the form of
glycogen. fat. glucose. protein. alcohol. |
fat
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__________ have been shown to reduce hunger, eating, and body weight.
Glutamate agonists Serotonin agonists Acetylcholine antagonists Dopamine antagonists Norepinephrine antagonists |
Serotonin agonists
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Rats have been shown to prefer flavors that
they experience in their mother's milk. they smell on the breath of other rats. taste of vitamins. both A and B both A and C |
Both A and B
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Evidence from the sham-eating study of Weingarten and Kulikovsky (1989) suggests that the amount that we eat at a meal is influenced by
our previous experience of the physiological consequences of the same food. the presence of anticipatory eating responses. the amount of sodium in it. the length of the meal. the rate at which the meal is digested. |
our previous experience of the physiological consequences of the same food.
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(Picture of a mouse) Illustrated here is a __________ preparation.
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sham-eating
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People with __________ act as if they are starving.
LH lesions dopamine agonists Prader-Willi syndrome amnesia Down syndrome |
Prader-Willi syndrome
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Settling-point models of weight regulation can explain why
body weight remains relatively constant in many adults. many adults display enduring changes in body weight. metabolic changes reduce the impact of starvation or gluttony. dieters regain lost weight after they go off their diets. |
many adults display enduring changes in body weight.
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Most humans have a fondness for __________ tastes.
sweet fatty salty all of the above both B and C |
all of the above
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Rats eat __________ when fed __________.
less; in groups less; a cafeteria diet more; in groups more; in isolation more; following VMH stimulation |
more; following VMH stimulation
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The VMH hyperphagia syndrome comprises two phases. In chronological sequence, these phases are the
aphagia phase and the adipsia phase. adipsia phase and the aphagia phase. dynamic phase and the static phase. hyperphagia phase and the hypophagia phase. static phase and the dynamic phase. |
dynamic phase and the static phase.
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21. According to the positive-incentive theory, the main cause of hunger in food-replete conditions is
a shortage of calories in the body. the presence of food or the anticipation of its availability. deviation from an energy set point. deviation from a positive-incentive set point. high levels of insulin. |
the presence of food or the anticipation of its availability.
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22. All set-point systems are __________ systems.
negative feedback positive feedback no-feedback settling point positive-incentive |
negative feedback
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Evidence suggests that the effects of large bilateral VMH lesions on eating are, in part, caused by damage to the __________ or its connections.
paraventricular nuclei lateral geniculate nuclei lateral hypothalamus preoptic nuclei amygdala |
paraventricular nuclei
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Which of the following cases can be readily accounted for by the leaky-barrel model, but not by traditional set-point models?
A women married a cook, and her weight rapidly increased by 5 kilograms; the added weight stayed, despite her efforts to lose it. A business executive became a marathon runner, and her food consumption went up while her weight went down and stayed down. A dieter changed his life style, he lost 30 kilograms, he never put the weight back on, and he never felt any compulsion to overeat. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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The leaky-barrel model of body weight regulation is a
settling-point model. negative-feedback model. an improved alternative to the thermostat analogy. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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Injections of insulin
usually increase blood glucose. usually trigger eating. trigger eating only if the doses are large enough to produce reductions in blood glucose that are greater than those that would normally occur under typical free-feeding conditions. both A and B both A and C |
trigger eating only if the doses are large enough to produce reductions in blood glucose that are greater than those that would normally occur under typical free-feeding conditions.
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31. Eating sweet and fatty foods is adaptive for many mammals living in the wild because in nature these tastes
are characteristic of energy-rich foods. are often found in association with beneficial vitamins and minerals. are only rarely associated with high-calorie foods. all of the above both A and B |
both A and B
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The conversion of protein to glucose is called
gluconeogenesis. glucagon. glucogenesis. the cephalic phase. glucosis. |
gluconeogenesis.
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According to Woods, the hunger that one experiences as a regular mealtime approaches is
your body crying out for energy. caused by an energy deficit. the result of the changes occurring in your body in preparation for the homeostasis-disturbing meal. the result of elevated blood glucose levels. the result of low levels of insulin. |
the result of the changes occurring in your body in preparation for the homeostasis-disturbing meal.
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35. Human subjects who have had their stomachs surgically removed eat
so little that they need to be fed intravenously to survive. much more than do humans with stomachs. continue to maintain their body weights by eating more meals of smaller size. only through implanted fistulas. only wet food. |
continue to maintain their body weights by eating more meals of smaller size.
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In one experiment (Weindruch et al., 1986), the caloric intake of mice was reduced by up to 25, 55, or 65%. The benefits of the caloric restriction were greatest in the 65% group These benefits included
an increased life span. a reduced incidence of cancer. improved immune responses. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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Cultural practices that promote obesity include the practice of
eating three large meals per day whether one is hungry or not. serving food at all social gatherings. adding sweet, salty, and fatty tastes to foods to increase their positive-incentive value. serving food in different courses of progressively increasing palatability. all of the above |
all of the above
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__________ encourages the consumption of a varied diet.
Body fat Sensory-specific satiety A set point Palatability Negative feedback |
Sensory-specific satiety
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According to Woods, in the short-term, meals are
controlled by set points. homeostasis-disturbing. homeostasis-promoting. likely to be eaten during the cephalic phase. likely to be initiated during the fasting phase. |
homestasis-disturbing
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Efforts to develop a leptin treatment for typical cases of human obesity have been
disappointing. promising. very successful. successful, but in only 50% of obese people. waiting for support from granting agencies and ethics boards before they can begin. |
disappointing
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46. CCK, bombesin, glucagon, and somatostatin
are peptides. are released from the gut. have been reported to increase food intake. all of the above both A and B |
both A and B
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47. Insulin promotes the
conversion of glucose to glycogen and fat. use of glucose as the primary source of energy by the body. storage of glycogen and fat. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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48. A major problem with the set-point theory of body weight regulation is that it
cannot explain the effects of satiety peptides. cannot explain how LH lesions increase hunger. cannot explain the increasing prevalence of obesity. is too parsimonious. is too vague. |
cannot explain the increasing prevalence of obesity.
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49. According to the text, obesity is now prevalent in industrialized countries because
high-positive-incentive value foods are continuously and readily available in these countries. humans have evolved to eat as much as they can when food is available. cultures have evolved to promote eating when food is available. all of the above both A and B |
all of the above
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50. Animals with a sodium deficiency
quickly learn to prefer the taste of sodium salt. slowly learn to prefer the taste of sodium salt by experiencing its health-promoting effects. slowly learn to prefer the taste of sodium salt by experiencing the alleviation their symptoms. automatically prefer the taste of sodium salt. both B and C |
automatically prefer the taste of sodium salt.
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51. Sham-eating procedures typically reduce caloric intake into the bloodstream during a meal by
100%. 40%. 60%. 80%. 20%. |
100%
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52. Many hunger and satiety peptides have receptors in the
hippocampus. hypothalamus. amygdala. prefrontal cortex striatum. |
hypothalamus
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53. Animals with a sodium deficiency, tend to favor diets rich in sodium because
they learn to recognize the health-promoting effects of sodium-rich diets. they learn to recognize the health-disrupting effects of sodium-free diets. the deficiency produces an immediate preference for the taste of sodium salts. sodium is usually found in thiamine-rich diets. thiamine is usually found in sodium-rich diets. |
the deficiency produces an immediate preference for the taste of sodium salts.
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There are __________ phases of energy metabolism.
2 14 3 5 15 |
3
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Interest in the efficiency of polyphasic sleep was stimulated by stories of
Leonardo da Vinci. Michelangelo. Titian. Hebb. Picasso. |
Leonardo da Vinci
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Following the completion of one week of REM-sleep deprivation, volunteers
normally sleep for about 16 hours and then awaken refreshed. gradually increase the amount of REM sleep that they have each night until they get back to their original baseline. have a greater than usual proportion of REM sleep for 2 or 3 nights. often display psychosis for 2 or 3 days and report particularly lurid dreams. both C and D |
have a greater than usual proportion of REM sleep for 2 or 3 nights.
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The first circadian gene to be discovered in mammals was
clock. alarm. circa. tau. invert. |
tau
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Evidence suggests that melatonin functions as a
stimulant. chronobiotic. catecholamine. neurotransmitter. both C and D |
chronobiotic
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The first EEG stage of a night's sleep is
alpha. Stage 1. stage 3. stage 4. stage 2. |
stage 1
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Narcolepsy is most often considered to be a disorder of
insomnia. hypersomnia. myoclonus. restless legs. sleep apnea. |
hypersomnia
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Loss of 3 or 4 hours of sleep for one night has been found to reliably
disrupt the performance of intelligence tests. disturb mood. disrupt motor performance. reduce strength. all of the above |
disturbs mood
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Most mammals and birds
sleep. have sleep that is similar to human sleep. have sleep that is characterized by high-amplitude, low-frequency EEG activity that is punctuated by periods of low-amplitude, high frequency EEG activity. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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There are three classes of drugs that influence sleep: hypnotics, antihypnotics, and a third class that
is derived from benzodiazepines. includes melatonin. comprises drugs that influence the circadian rhythmicity of sleep without increasing or decreasing it. all of the above both B and C |
both B and C
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The case of Miss M. is interesting because
brain damage had left her unable to sleep. by using stimulant drugs she was able to reduce her sleep to 1 or 2 hours per night. her lack of sleep had made her paranoid. she had been able to train herself with great effort not to sleep when she had better things to do with her time. none of the above |
none of the above
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K complexes and sleep spindles
occur during stage 2 sleep. are EOG waves. are EEG waves. both A and B both A and C |
both A and C
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When they fall asleep, narcoleptics immediately
wake up. snore. go into REM sleep. display cataplexy. go into stage 4 sleep. |
go into REM sleep
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Cells of the suprachiasmatic nuclei display circadian cycles of
gene expression. osmosis. sleep. degeneration. regeneration. |
gene expression
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Which of the following dangerous effects usually occur in humans after periods of sleep deprivation longer than 24 hours?
schizophrenic tendencies lasting reductions in cortical activity chronic hormone imbalances chronic cardiac irregularities none of the above |
none of the above
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Adaptation theories of sleep assume that we are programmed to sleep at night
only if we expend energy during the day. only if we expend more energy than we consume during the day. only if we do not sleep during the day. regardless of what we do during the day. only if we eat three times per day. |
regardless of what we do during the day
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Under normal living conditions, most people sleep during
body temperature homeostasis. internal desynchronization. free-running temperature cycles. the falling phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle. the rising phase of the circadian body-temperature cycle. |
the falling phase of the circadian body temperature cycle
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After several nights of REM-sleep deprivation, penile erections often
do not occur during sleep. become difficult to achieve during wakefulness. begin to occur during SWS. make it difficult to get back to sleep. become embarrassing. |
begin to occur during SWS.
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Strong evidence that REM-sleep is not essential for memory comes from the study of patients
with brain damage. after electroconvulsive shock. who can't sleep. who get little or no REM sleep because they regularly take antidepressant drugs. who get little or no sleep because they are narcotic addicts. |
who get little or no REM sleep because they regularly take antidepressant drugs.
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According to Hobson's activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, dream content reflects
repressed feelings of inferiority. random brain stem activity and the cortex's inherent tendency to try to make sense of these ambiguous signals. an interplay between the thalamus and hypothalamus. lucid impulses acting on repressed discharges. REM activity in conflict with alpha. |
random brain stem activity and the cortex's inherent tendency to try to make sense of these ambiguous signals.
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Microsleeps are usually about __________ long.
3 seconds 25 seconds 1 minute 5 minutes 7 minutes |
3 seconds
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Many sleep-deprivation studies have assessed its impact on human
physiological function. mood. cognition. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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. Which of the following can entrain the circadian sleep-wake cycles of animals living under constant lighting conditions?
regular daily bouts of social interaction regular daily meals regular daily bouts of exercise all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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After an entire week of REM-sleep deprivation, about how many times in one night did volunteers have to be awakened to prevent them from experiencing bouts of REM sleep?
0 5 17 25 67 |
67
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Slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important role in the recuperative effects of sleep. The following is major evidence for this conclusion:
People regain only a small portion of their lost sleep following a period of sleep deprivation, but they regain most of their lost stage 4. Most long sleepers get a higher proportion of stage 3 and 4 sleep than short sleepers. Volunteers who have reduced the amount that they sleep each night have usually accomplished this without substantially reducing the amount of stages 3 and 4 sleep. all of the above both A and C |
both A and C
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Which of the following statements is not correct?
Drugs that increase the activity of catecholamine neurotransmitters are hypnotics. Cocaine, amphetamine, and tricyclic antidepressants are antihypnotic drugs. Stimulants suppress REM sleep more than they do the other phases of sleep. Stimulant drugs are antihypnotics. Norepinephrine and dopamine are catecholamines. |
Drugs that increase the activity of catecholamine neurotransmitters are hypnotics.
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Paradoxically, people suffering from sleep apnea are often diagnosed as suffering from either insomnia or
restless legs. nocturnal myoclonus. hypersomnia. all of the above either A or B |
hypersomnia
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One of the most important features of sleep is that its efficiency increases in response to
sleep reduction. cognitive overload. light. tricyclic antidepressants. stress. |
sleep reduction
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. In view of the evidence, the widespread practice of taking melatonin to promote sleep is
dangerous and should be stopped. definitely a waste of time. likely to be of no more than minor benefit. likely to have some major sleep benefits. likely to improve all stages of sleep except REM. |
likely to be of no more than minor benefit.
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. In the initial report of the relation between dream recall and REM sleep, what proportion of awakenings from REM sleep led to dream reports?
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% |
80%
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The carousel apparatus has been used to study sleep deprivation in
rats. men and women. children. horses. monkeys. |
rats
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The various phenomena of REM sleep appear to be controlled by circuits scattered throughout the
basal forebrain. posterior hypothalamus. caudal reticular formation. midbrain. colliculi. |
caudal reticular formation
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Many cases of insomnia appear to be
recuperative. iatrogenic. circadian. associated with cataplexy. psychotic. |
iatrogenic
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A large group of patients who sought treatment for insomnia were found in one study to sleep __________ hours per night.
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6.5
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. During microsleeps, people
often fall down. become less responsive to external stimuli. display a sleep EEG. all of the above both B and C |
both B and C
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Companies that employ shift workers have improved productivity and job satisfaction by
scheduling only phase advances. scheduling only phase delays. accelerating the zeitgebers. desynchronizing the zeitgebers. desynchronizing body temperature. |
scheduling only phase delays.
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There is good evidence that the internal circadian clock is located in the
suprachiasmatic nuclei. raphé nuclei. caudal reticular formation. basal forebrain. optic nerves. |
suprachiasmatic nuclei
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. A large, well conducted comparison between long sleepers and short sleepers, Fichten and colleagues found that the short sleepers
slept less. suffered from more mental illness. had poorer memories. had shorter life expectancies. accomplished less. |
slept less
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. A vivid dreamlike state during wakefulness, often just as one awakens or falls asleep, is
a hypnagogic hallucination. cataplexy. sleep paralysis. narcolepsy. sleep apnea. |
a hypnagogic hallucination
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The finding that sleep becomes more efficient in people who regularly sleep less is a key finding because it indicates that
sleep-deprivation studies can indicate how much sleep people need only if the volunteers who are being studied are efficient sleepers. sleep is a positive incentive. sleep can be made more efficient by reinforcements and punishments. only circadian theories can account for the negative effects of sleep deprivation. sleep can be conditioned. |
sleep-deprivation studies can indicate how much sleep people need only if the volunteers who are being studied are efficient sleepers.
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REM sleep without the usual core muscle atonia is likely a consequence of damage to the
caudal hypothalamus. cerveau isolé. nucleus magnocellularis. supraoptic nucleus. subfornical organ. |
nucleus magnocellularis.
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Sleep spindles and K complexes are characteristic of
SWS. stage 2 sleep. REM sleep. delta sleep. stage 3 sleep. |
stage 2 sleep.
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The stage of sleep EEG that follows the second bout of stage 2 sleep during a normal night's sleep is
emergent stage 3. initial stage 1. emergent stage 1. emergent stage 2. stage 3. |
emergent stage 1
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Electrical stimulation of the __________ awakens sleeping cats.
anterior hypothalamus cerebellum diencephalon reticular formation basal forebrain |
reticular formation
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Because REM sleep is similar to wakefulness in several respects, it makes sense that REM sleep circuits are controlled by a structure involved in maintaining wakefulness: the
thalamus. basal forebrain. reticular activating system. cerveau isolé. both A and B |
reticular activating system.
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48. The effects of the carousel apparatus are difficult to interpret because
it can deprive rats of only a small amount of sleep. the volunteers have to sleep in wet pajamas. in addition to producing sleep deprivation, it produces confounding stress. it prevents microsleeps. |
in addition to producing sleep deprivation, it produces confounding stress.
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It is impossible for a human to stay awake longer than __________ hours without experiencing life-threatening physiological problems.
24 36 48 60 none of the above |
none of the above
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Slow-wave sleep seems to play a particularly important
recuperative role. psychological role. circadian role. physiological role. mnemonic role. |
recuperative role.
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Volunteers regain little of their lost sleep after a period of sleep deprivation, but they regain most of their lost
Question 100 options: stage 4 sleep. dream time. REM sleep. initial stage 1 sleep. both B and C |
stage 4 sleep
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Clock is a circadian gene; it was discovered in
mice. sunflowers. dogs. humans. monkeys. |
mice
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. Cataplexy is common in cases of
narcolepsy. insomnia. anxiety. pseudoinsomnia. nocturnal myoclonus. |
narcolepsy
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The most influential circadian zeitgeber is the
hippocampus. light-dark cycle. amygdala. free-running period. hyrax. |
light-dark cycle.
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. Disorders of excessive sleep or sleepiness are classified as
insomnia. hypersomnia. iatrogenic. hyposomnia. REM-sleep disorders. |
hypersomnia.
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The following is a prediction of many recuperation theories of sleep:
Long periods of wakefulness will produce physiological and behavioral disturbances. The disturbances produced by sleep deprivation will grow worse as the deprivation continues. After a period of sleep deprivation, most missed sleep will be regained. all of the above both A and C |
all of the above
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Cocaine hydrochloride
is a dopamine agonist. reduces the reuptake of dopamine from synapses by blocking dopamine transporters. is a dopamine antagonist. both A and B both B and C |
Both A and B
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__________ tolerance to psychoactive drugs is tolerance that occurs because less drug gets to its site of action in the brain.
Contingent Metabolic Situationally specific Functional In vitro |
Metabolic
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Although __________ is extremely addictive, there are few serious withdrawal symptoms when a characteristic binge is terminated.
cocaine alcohol nicotine morphine opium |
cocaine
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5. Which of the following drugs is a local anesthetic?
alcohol morphine cocaine nicotine ethyl alcohol |
cocaine
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. Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation.
alcohol nicotine morphine caffeine marijuana |
alcohol
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Cocaine sprees are the product of the interaction between the high positive-incentive value of cocaine and
tolerance. alcohol. schizophrenia. paranoia. convulsions. |
tolerance
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Which of the following drugs has effects like those of amphetamine?
marijuana cocaine LSD morphine valium |
cocaine
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Which of the following drugs is a commonly prescribed analgesic?
morphine caffeine cocaine alcohol heroin |
morphine
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. Although __________ is classified as a depressant, it has stimulant effects at low doses.
alcohol tobacco cocaine amphetamine morphine |
alcohol
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Many addicts who are motivated to "kick their habit" manage to stop taking their drug, but they often
relapse. become tolerant. recover. regret it. become ill for months. |
relapse
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Which of the following drugs produces Buerger's disease?
tobacco morphine marijuana cocaine alcohol |
tobacco
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Withdrawal from which of the following drugs produces convulsions?
morphine heroin alcohol cocaine both A and B |
alcohol
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. Which of the following illicit drugs was grown by George Washington as a commercial crop?
alcohol opium tobacco marijuana magic mushrooms |
marijuana
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Which form of amphetamine is more potent than d-amphetamine?
ecstasy ice methamphetamine MDMA all of the above |
all of the above
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. Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose?
IV IM SC through mucus membranes oral |
IV
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Some drugs can be effectively administered through mucous membranes. One such drug is
cocaine. heroin. morphine. nicotine. caffeine. |
cocaine
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The substantia nigra is
in the mesencephalon. part of the striatum. one of the largest tracts of the brain stem. in the telencephalon. serotonergic. |
in the mesencephalon
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Which paradigm is illustrated here?
intracranial self-stimulation conditioned place preference contingent tolerance drug self-administration Pavlovian conditioning. |
intracranial self-stimulation
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The term "kicking the habit" refers to one of the symptoms of __________ withdrawal.
alcohol nicotine cocaine opiate marijuana |
opiate
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21. Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from
morphine. cocaine. heroin. alcohol. high doses of nicotine. |
alcohol
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Olds and Milner argued that the brain circuits that support intracranial self-stimulation are the same ones that mediate
fear. addiction. the pleasurable effects of natural rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and sex. withdrawal effects. electroconvulsive effects. |
the pleasurable effects of natural rewarding stimuli such as food, water, and sex.
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The conversion of drugs in the body to nonactive chemicals is referred to as drug
tolerance. metabolism. withdrawal. blocking. habituation. |
metabolism
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Individuals who suffer drug withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug are said to be
physically dependent. psychologically dependent. addicted. both A and B both B and C |
physically dependent
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Laboratory animals self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the
raphé nucleus. nucleus accumbens. basal forebrain. hippocampus. striatum. |
nucleus accumbens.
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Which of the following drugs is associated with severe dementia, gastritis, and cirrhosis of the liver?
alcohol nicotine morphine cocaine marijuana |
alcohol
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Which drug has been shown to increase the rate of cancer and heart disease in nonusers of the drug who are living with users of the drug?
alcohol marijuana tobacco heroin cocaine |
tobacco
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Which of the following drugs is a commonly prescribed analgesic?
morphine caffeine cocaine alcohol heroin |
morphine
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In addition to the nucleus accumbens, the prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, and the amygdala are thought to play major roles in
the initial taking of addictive drugs. drug tolerance. the drug withdrawal syndrome. drug sensitization. severe chronic addiction. |
the initial taking of addictive drugs.
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Illustrated here is a paradigm that is used to study addictive drugs:
(mouse with "infusion pump" level in a box) drug self-administration paradigm. contingent tolerance paradigm. conditioned place paradigm. intracranial electrical self-stimulation paradigm. conditioned tolerance paradigm |
drug self administered paradigm
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During cocaine sprees, there is a risk of
convulsions. respiratory arrest. stroke. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
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The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the
particular drug in question. dose of the preceding drug exposure. duration of the preceding drug exposure. speed with which the drug is cleared from the body. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
. Which of the following drugs in high doses produces a syndrome of psychotic behavior that is similar to paranoid schizophrenia?
alcohol cocaine heroin opium LSD |
cocaine
|
|
|
Opiates likely exert their psychoactive effects by binding to
endorphins. opiate receptors. dopamine receptors. both A and B both A and C |
opiate receptors
|
|
|
Restlessness, watery eyes, running nose, yawning, and sweating are all early signs of withdrawal from
alcohol. opiates. cocaine. nicotine. marijuana. |
opiates
|
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|
Sensitization is the opposite of
withdrawal. physical dependence. tolerance. conditioned withdrawal effects. addiction. |
tolerance
|
|
|
. Pregnant females who use __________ risk bearing a child with physical deformities and mental retardation.
alcohol nicotine morphine caffeine marijuana |
alcohol
|
|
|
According to the text, the sad truth about many heroin-related deaths is that many
heroin addicts suffer incredible pain before dying. heroin addicts rarely take heroin. appear to be caused in part by the very laws that were enacted to prevent them. laws are aimed at solving the cause of the problem rather than the problem itself. of those who die are not breaking the law. |
appear to be caused in part by the very laws that were enacted to prevent them.
|
|
|
The branch of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system that projects from the ventral tegmental area is called the
mesocorticolimbic pathway. tegmental-striate pathway. medial forebrain bundle. fornix. nigrostriatal pathway. |
mesocorticolimbic pathway.
|
|
|
Which of the following seem to share some brain mechanisms with drug addiction?
kleptomania overeating compulsive shopping all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
|
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|
Originally, the nucleus accumbens was thought to mediate the experience of reward, but some current evidence suggests that increases in extracellular dopamine occur in the nucleus accumbens when the
reward is administered. subject expects the reward. dopamine transporter is activated. reward starts to be extinguished. drug effects are experienced. |
subject expects the reward.
|
|
|
65. Paradoxically, although rats typically press a lever at an extremely high rate to deliver electrical stimulations to their own septum or lateral hypothalamus, they
extinguish slowly. extinguish rapidly. sometimes have to be primed. both A and C both B and C |
both b and c
|
|
|
(very broad picture of the brain)
Illustrated here is the location of the nucleus accumbens. substantia nigra. ventral tegmental area.. nigrostriatal pathway. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
63. Although the relevant evidence is far from convincing, libido-threatening reductions in testosterone, health-threatening reductions in immune function, cardiovascular problems, and amotivational syndrome have been attributed to the recreational use of
alcohol. morphine. cocaine. marijuana. nicotine. |
marijuana
|
|
|
62. Many chronic addicts come to prefer the _______ route of drug administration
oral IM SC IV IP |
IV
|
|
|
61. Drug addicts have been found to make poor decisions and to:
engage in excessive risky behavior. make particularly poor decisions. display deficits in self-control. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
60. As drug craving and compulsive drug taking develops, control of drug taking is thought to shift from the:
ventral to dorsal striatum. prefrontal cortex to stress circuits in the hypothalamus. septum to ventral tegmental area. dorsal to the ventral septum. both A and B |
both A and B
|
|
|
59. Which of the following drugs is a stimulant?
heroin morphine cocaine marijuana both A and B |
cocaine
|
|
|
58. Which of the following drugs is a diuretic?
alcohol marijuana nicotine morphine cocaine |
alcohol
|
|
|
57. The severity of withdrawal symptoms depends upon the
particular drug in question. dose of the preceding drug exposure. duration of the preceding drug exposure. speed with which the drug is cleared from the body. all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
56. Cirrhosis and Korsakoff's syndrome are two of the dire consequences of chronic __________ consumption.
Question 108 options: nicotine morphine cocaine marijuana alcohol |
alcohol
|
|
|
55. The Harrison Narcotics Act, which was passed in the U.S. in 1914, unintentionally encouraged the use of
Question 107 options: Aspirin. Street's Infant Quietness. cocaine. opium. heroin. |
heroin
|
|
|
The impure residue left after boiling away a solution of cocaine hydrochloride and baking soda is
crack. smack. lidocaine. procaine both A and B |
crack
|
|
|
Which of the following is the strongest psychoactive ingredient of opium?
morphine codeine heroin cocaine methadone |
morphine
|
|
|
Psychoactive drugs are those that affect
the activity of the central nervous system. subjective experience. behavior. all of the above psychotic behavior. |
all of the above
|
|
|
Marijuana contains over 80
kinds of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. cannabinoids. kinds of morphine. kinds of Cannabis sativa. hemp. |
cannabinoids.
|
|
|
Freud died in 1939 from cancer caused by his addiction to
cocaine. morphine. nicotine. alcohol. marijuana. |
nicotine
|
|
|
Currently, tobacco is implicated in about 1 of every __________ deaths in the United States:
5 37 50 100 400 |
5
|
|
|
Chronic use of which drug has been linked to bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, stroke, and heart attack?
alcohol tobacco cocaine marijuana morphine |
tobacco
|
|
|
. A state of decreased sensitivity to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called
Question 104 options: drug tolerance. drug sensitization. drug withdrawal. physical dependence. psychological dependence. |
tolerance
|
|
|
A problem faced by many theories of drug conditioning is predicting
the direction of conditioned effects. whether or not there is a conditional stimulus. whether or not there is an unconditional stimulus. whether conditioned or contingent tolerance will develop. who will become addicted. |
the direction of conditioned effects
|
|
|
Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is
Question 106 options: situationally specific tolerance. contingent tolerance. reverse tolerance. functional tolerance. metabolic tolerance. |
functional tolerance.
|
|
|
The case of Miss M. is interesting because
although she slept little, she appeared to be healthy, productive, and well adjusted. her lack of sleep had rendered her neurotic. she had, with considerable effort, trained herself not to sleep. her lack of sleep caused her have vivid hallucinations during the day. brain damage had left her unable to sleep. |
although she slept little, she appeared to be healthy, productive, and well adjusted.
|
|
|
According to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, all addictive drugs produce
tolerance. physical dependence. sensitization to the effects that influence the pleasure produced by the drug. sensitization to the effects that influence the positive-incentive value of the drug. both A and B |
sensitization to the effects that influence the positive-incentive value of the drug.
|
|
|
A key point of the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction is that
the positive-incentive value of addictive drugs habituates with use. the pleasure-producing effects of addictive drugs are sensitized. although the anticipated pleasurable effects of addicted drugs increase as the result of drug use, their actual pleasurable effects may not. all of the above both A and B |
although the anticipated pleasurable effects of addicted drugs increase as the result of drug use, their actual pleasurable effects may not.
|
|
|
Individuals who experience drug withdrawal effects are, by definition,
addicted. physically dependent. metabolic. tolerant. psychologically dependent. |
physically dependent
|
|
|
11. The EOG is a measure of
the first-night phenomenon. eye-muscle tension. eye movement. stage 1 EEG. both B and C |
eye movement
|
|
|
Set-point theories of hunger and eating are inconsistent with
eating-related evolutionary pressures as we understand them. the major effects on eating of taste, learning, and social factors. the failure of researchers to confirm that energy deficits are the usual stimulus for eating. all of the above both B and C |
all of the above
|
|
|
During the fasting phase, the body (excluding the brain) cannot use glucose as a metabolic fuel because
there is none left. it is all stored in neurons. insulin levels are low and insulin is needed for glucose to enter the cells of the body. glycogen is needed for glucose to enter the cells of the body. glucose is needed for insulin to enter the cells of the body. |
insulin levels are low and insulin is needed for glucose to enter the cells of the body.
|
|
|
About __________ of the energy that a person uses each day goes to maintain her or his resting metabolic processes.
80% 70% 60% 50% 40% |
80%
|
|
|
According to the text, anorexic patients - or anybody else who is severely undernourished - should not be fed
fats. meals. carbohydrates. sweets. proteins. |
meals
|
|
|
It seems clear that warm-blooded animals that have ready access to a variety of palatable foods eat far more than is optimal for their health. Evidence of this point comes from
studies of the good health of humans who eat less than others. experiments on the effects of calorie restriction in many different species. experiments linking blood glucose with brain damage in human patients. all of the above both A and B |
both A and B
|
|
|
The idea that the LH is a hunger center has largely been abandoned because:
bilateral lesions of the LH produce hyperphagia. the paraventricular nucleus appears to be the hunger center. bilateral LH lesions produce severe and general motor disturbances and reduce responsiveness to all kinds of sensory input. LH lesions do not reduce eating. LH lesions do not reduce either eating or drinking. |
bilateral LH lesions produce severe and general motor disturbances and reduce responsiveness to all kinds of sensory input.
|
|
|
Evidence suggests that the hyperphagia of rats with large bilateral VMH lesions may be mediated by
sham eating. intragastric feeding. increases in insulin release. hypoinsulinemia. gluconeogenesis. |
increases in insulin release
|
|
|
The transition between the absorptive and fasting phase occurs when
a person begins to weaken from lack of food. . about 4 hours have passed since the last meal. the body stops deriving its energy from the fuels still circulating in the blood from the previous meal. the brain stops deriving its energy from glycogen. the brain stops deriving its energy from the glycogen stored in neurons from the previous meal |
the body stops deriving its energy from the fuels still circulating in the blood from the previous meal
|
|
|
Free fatty acids are the main source of energy for the body (excluding the brain) during
puberty. infancy. the fasting phase. the cephalic phase. the absorption phase. |
the fasting phase
|
|
|
the dynamic phase of the VMH syndrome is associated with:
hypophagia weight gain lipgenesis all of the above both B and C |
both b and c
|
|
|
Large bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus produce:
aphagia adipsia hyperphagia both A and B both B and C |
both A and B
|
|
|
Research has shown that naps have recuperative powers out of proportion with their:
power frequency brevity positive incentive value EEG |
brevity
|
|
|
which of the following is least likely to result from sleep deprivation?
mood disturbances reductions in creativity reductions in vigilance poor performance of complex cognitive tests increased sleepiness |
poor performance of complex cognitive tests
|
|
|
the melatonin released from the pineal gland is:
synthesized from dopamine. exogenous endogenous both A and B both A and C |
endogenous
|
|
|
under free-running conditions, the correlation between the duration of a period of wakefulness and the duration of the following period of sleep was found to be:
negative zero slightly positive positive cyclic |
negative
|
|
|
studies of encephalitis lethargica suggested that the ______ promotes wakefulness:
posterior hypothalamus preoptic area basal forebrain both A and B both B and C |
posterior hypothalamus
|
|
|
volunteers who are allowed to sleep without interruption after several nights of REM deprivation tend to get:
almost no REM sleep less REM sleep than usual their normal amount of REM significantly more REM sleep than usual a lot of REM sleep even when they are awake |
significantly more REM sleep than usual
|
|
|
Studies of electrical intracranial self stimulation have influenced the development of biopsychological theories of addiction by indicating that:
the rewarding effects of drugs play a major role in addiction there are particular areas of the brain that mediate the experience of pleasure drug withdrawal and drug pleasure are opposite processes there are particular areas of the brain that mediate pleasure from drugs the brain mediates pleasure |
there are particular areas of the brain that mediate the experience of pleasure
|
|
|
the early physical-dependence theories of drug addiction were discredited by the observation that:
detoxified addicts almost always return to their drug-taking habits if addicts withdraw over a long period, withdrawal symptoms are more severe drug addicts who are kept form using drugs for a year or more almost always permanently kick the habit both A and B both B and C |
detoxified addicts almost always return to their drug-taking habits
|
|
|
the before and after design is often used to demonstrate:
contingent tolerance metabolic tolerance situationally specific tolerance functional tolerance reverse tolerance |
contingent tolerance
|
|
|
Many chemicals are kept from passing from the circulatory system of the CNS into CNS neurons by
reflexology. tolerance. the blood-brain barrier. the cerebrospinal fluid. withdrawal. |
the blood-brain barrier
|
|
|
Drug injection is common in medical practice because the effects of injected drugs are relatively __________ in comparison to most other conventional routes of drug administration.
minor rapid predictable all of the above both B and C |
both B and C
|
|
|
Many researchers believe that a major cause of drug relapse is
priming. stress. drug-related cues. all of the above none of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
Which of the following routes of drug administration offers the least opportunity to counteract the effects of an overdose?
IV IM SC through mucus membranes oral |
IV
|
|
|
Which country has taken a novel approach to the problem of heroin addiction, an approach that is proving to be an unqualified success?
Question 10 options: Canada Switzerland USA England Germany |
Switzerland
|
|
|
Evidence that the nucleus accumbens is involved in drug addiction comes from reports that
Question 11 options: animals will self-administer microinjections of addictive drugs directly into the nucleus accumbens. microinjection of addictive drugs into the nucleus accumbens can lead to the development of conditioned place preferences.. lesions to the nucleus accumbens reduce the rewarding effects of systemic drugs. all of the above both A and C |
all of the above
|
|
|
The animal model that best approximates human drug addiction is the
Question 12 options: conditioned tolerance model. contingent tolerance model. drug self-administration paradigm. drug withdrawal syndrome conditioned place preference paradigm. |
drug self-administration paradigm.
|
|
|
Evidence indicates that one common health hazard of chronic marijuana smoking is
Question 13 options: brain damage. lowered testosterone levels in males. bradycardia. cancer. respiratory dysfunction. |
respiratory dysfunction.
|
|
|
Most laws governing drug abuse were enacted
in the early 1900s or before. before there was relevant scientific information. in the 1960s. both A and B both B and C |
both A and B
|
|
|
Taking one drug can often produce tolerance to other drugs; such tolerance is called
generalized tolerance. cross tolerance. contingent tolerance. functional tolerance. transferred tolerance. |
cross tolerance.
|
|
|
These drugs are widely used in the treatment of pain, cough, and diarrhea:
anxiolytics. stimulants. opiates. depressants. antidepressants. |
opiates
|
|
|
During the fasting phase, most of the energy used by muscles is derived from
glucose. free fatty acids released from adipose tissue.. glycogen. amino acids. ketones. |
free fatty acids released from adipose tissue
|
|
|
Inconsistent with set-point theories of hunger and eating is the fact that
flavor has a major impact on hunger and eating. the brain can use ketones. the main fuel of the brain is glucose. humans are warm-blooded. men weigh more than women. |
flavor has a major impact on hunger and eating.
|
|
|
Mutant ob/ob mice...
have high leptin levels. tend to be obese. are heterozygous for the mutant gene. all of the above both A and B |
tend to be obese
|
|
|
As we fall asleep,
alpha activity begins. EMG activity suddenly increases. alpha activity ceases. REMs begin to occur. REMs suddenly stop. |
alpha activity ceases
|
|
|
A polyphasic sleep cycle is one in which the individual regularly sleeps:
once every 24 hours. once every 24 hours, but sometimes in the day and sometimes in the night. more than once every 24 hours. three times or more every 24 hours. in two or more different advanced phases. |
more than once every 24 hours.
|
|
|
During REM sleep, changes in autonomic nervous system activity suggest:
arousal. unresponsiveness. increased relaxation. neural inactivity. both B and C |
arousal
|
|
|
It is difficult to compare lever pressing for food reinforcers with lever pressing for brain stimulation because in most self-stimulation studies, the:
subjects are not deprived. lever press delivers the reinforcement directly without the necessity of an intervening consummatory response. subjects are tested without reinforcement. subjects are rats. both A and B |
both A and B
|
|
|
Exercise programs for the obese have proven to be relatively ineffective in promoting weight loss. This surprising result is likely attributable to the fact that
|
both A and B:
the majority of the body's calorie expenditure is dedicated to maintaining the physiological processes of the body rather than fueling behavior. after exercising; many people consume extra drinks and food that offset their calorie loss. |
|
|
Animals in the wild tend to eat a balanced diet because they
none of the above |
none of the above
|
|
|
Those mammals with ready access to a continuous supply of good food usually eat __________ per day
|
many small meals or snacks
|
|
|
Small amounts of food eaten prior to a meal __________ hunger. This is called __________
|
increase, the appetizer effect
|
|
|
The three phases of energy metabolism are, in sequence,
|
cephalic, absorptive, and fasting.
|
|
|
Many people believe that hunger is a product of
|
energy deficits
|
|
|
According to the default theory, REM sleep and wakefulness
|
are similar
|
|
|
After a person falls asleep at night, the fourth stage of sleep EEG that is normally observed is
|
stage 4
|
|
|
In one study, volunteers gradually reduced the number of hours that they slept each night, until they felt that they had reached their limit. On the average, this limit was
|
5 hours.
|
|
|
The EEG of the encephale isolé preparation is almost continuously:
|
none of the above
|
|
|
A condition in which a person's sleep is repeatedly disrupted by the inability to breath is called
|
sleep apnea
|
|
|
The encephale isolé preparation is produced by transecting the
|
caudal brain stem
|
|
|
Which of the following is a finding about addiction that is currently influencing the study of its brain mechanisms?
|
all of the above
|
|
|
Medical examiners often attribute death to heroin overdose without assessing blood levels. In one study, careful toxicological analysis at autopsy of such cases often revealed
low blood levels of heroine high blood levels of other CNS depressants such as alcohol and benzodiazepines high levels of disulfiram both A and B both A and C |
both A and B
|
|
|
According to Ramsay and Woods, the unconditional stimulus in drug conditioning experiments is
|
the disruption of neural functioning that is directly produced by the drug.
|
|
|
The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is
|
its relative unpredictability
|
|
|
Withdrawal from which of the following drugs has been likened to a bad case of the flu?
|
opiates
|
|
|
Morphine is an
analgesic. opiate. endogenous opiate. both A and B both A and C |
both A and B
|
|
|
Which does not belong with the others?
dreaming emergent stage 1 EEG REM initial stage 1 EEG loss of core muscle tone |
initial stage 1 EEG
|
|
|
Neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis
normally control muscle relaxation during REM sleep. are active during attacks of cataplexy. are the only cells of the caudal reticular formation that are not active during epileptic attacks. both A and B both B and C |
both A and B
|
|
|
Species that sleep a lot tend to
be more active. have higher body temperatures. be small. be invulnerable to predation when they sleep. all of the above |
be invulnerable to predation when they sleep.
|
|
|
Hunger and eating can be induced in satiated mammals by decreasing blood glucose levels with large injections of insulin. However, such large decreases
rarely, if ever, occur in healthy humans or other mammals with ready access to food. occur naturally about four times per day in humans. occur naturally about three times per day in most mammals. occur naturally just before mealtime in North Americans, who are used to eating three meals per day. occur six times per day in humans--on the average. |
rarely, if ever, occur in healthy humans or other mammals with ready access to food.
|
|
|
Koopmans transplanted a stomach from one rat into another and connected the circulatory system of the transplant to that of the recipient. He then injected food into the implanted stomach. This experiment indicated that
the gastrointestinal tract produces a satiety signal. food-related chemical signals from the stomach are transmitted through the circulatory system to the brain. nutrients from the stomach are transmitted through the circulatory system to the brain. both A and B both A and C |
both A and B
|
|
|
If you were to eliminate 500 calories from your daily diet, you would likely
lose a constant amount each day until you stopped losing weight. automatically decrease your exercise, and your weight would stay about the same. initially lose weight, but the amount lost each day would decline until a new stable weight was reached. produce less heat and lose no weight. keep losing weight until you terminated your diet. |
initially lose weight, but the amount lost each day would decline until a new stable weight was reached.
|
|
|
Most studies and personal experiences of sleep deprivation are confounded by
Question 91 options: stress. dreaming. energy deficits. circadian rhythms. sleep walking. |
stress
|
|
|
There is more than one circadian clock. Early evidence for this was that bilateral lesions of the
suprachiasmatic nuclei abolish all circadian rhythms. suprachiasmatic nuclei do not abolish circadian rhythms. raphé nucleus abolish sleep. raphé nucleus abolish wakefulness. suprachiasmatic nuclei increase sleep. |
suprachiasmatic nuclei do not abolish circadian rhythms.
|
|
|
REMs are associated with
initial stage 1 EEG. increased EMG activity in the core muscles. stage 4 EEG. emergent stage 1 EEG. the first-night phenomenon. |
emergent stage 1 EEG.
|
|
|
Which of the following are commonly prescribed as hypnotics?
barbiturates tricyclic antidepressants benzodiazepines serotonin antagonists melatonin |
benzodiazepines
|
|
|
A hangover is a
Question 102 options: mild withdrawal syndrome. form of alcohol psychosis. fetal syndrome. form of dementia. sensitization effect. |
mild withdrawal syndrome.
|
|
|
The "high" experienced by cocaine users was found in one study to be related to the degree of binding of the cocaine to
Question 103 options: dopamine transporters. dopamine autoreceptors. serotonergic receptors. dopamine receptors. nucleus accumbens neurons. |
dopamine transporters.
|
|
|
"Song of Praise" to cocaine was written by
Question 109 options: The Grateful Dead. Bob Marley. Paul Simon. The Rolling Stones. Sigmund Freud. |
Sigmund Freud.
|
|
|
In the United States, about __________ million people are addicted to nicotine, alcohol, or both.
Question 2 options: 1 2.5 5 10 60 |
60
|
|
|
The main psychoactive ingredient of coca paste is
Question 6 options: cacao. crack. cocaine hydrochloride. lidocaine. procaine. |
cocaine hydrochloride.
|
|
|
Attempts to treat heroin and morphine addiction often involve the prescription of
Question 11 options: methadone. heroin. morphine. all of the above both B and C |
methadone
|
|
|
Most drugs that are taken orally enter the bloodstream through the walls of the
Question 16 options: stomach. mouth. intestine. esophagus. lungs. |
intestine.
|
|
|
Which of the following opiates is an analgesic?
Question 17 options: morphine codeine amphetamine all of the above both A and B |
both A and B
|
|
|
Song of Praise" was written by Freud about
Question 23 options: nicotine. cigars. his female companion. cocaine. heroin. |
cocaine
|
|
|
Many self-stimulation sites contain
Question 25 options: serotonergic neurons. dopaminergic neurons. dopamine agonists. glutamate receptors. dopamine antagonists |
don't know
|
|
|
Grossly obese rats with large bilateral VMH lesions often
eat less than unlesioned rats. are unwilling to work for food. will not eat food that is slightly unpalatable. all of the above both B and C |
both b and c
|
|
|
After reviewing the research literature on nightly sleep reduction and trying it himself, the author of your text, concluded that
most people need at least 8 hours of sleep per night. many people can reduce their sleep to about 5.5 hours per night with no serious adverse effects other than day-time sleepiness when they are sedentary. there is no need to sleep, and there are no negative consequences of sleep reduction. sleep is primarily recuperative, and we should always get as much sleep as we can, especially if a doctor tells us to. all people should sleep 5.5 hours per night. |
many people can reduce their sleep to about 5.5 hours per night with no serious adverse effects other than day-time sleepiness when they are sedentary.
|
|
|
According to the dominant hypothalamic theory of eating in the 1950s and 1960s, hunger is to satiety as the..
LH is to the VMH. VMH is to the LH. LH is to the paraventricular nuclei. pancreas is to the liver. paraventricular nuclei are to the LH. |
LH is to the VMH
|
|
|
The level at which the various factors that influence body weight achieve an equilibrium is called the body weight
set point. settling point. water level. cephalic level. leaky barrel. |
settling point
|
|
|
Set-point, negative-feedback systems are one way of maintaining
high levels of food intake. high levels of body fat. high levels of energy consumption. high levels of hunger. homeostasis. |
homeostasis
|
|
|
The set-point theory of body weight regulation is designed to explain
fluctuations in body weight. how the weights of adults stay constant. the relation between glucostatic and lipostatic theories. how peptides promote satiety. why obesity is so prevalent. |
how the weights of adults stay constant.
|
|
|
Which of the following produces a substantial increase in the caloric intake of laboratory rats and a significant increase in their body weight?
removing thiamine from their usual laboratory chow adding thiamine to their usual laboratory chow offering them a cafeteria diet, rather than their usual laboratory diet sham feeding them both C and D |
offering them a cafeteria diet, rather than their usual laboratory die
|
|
|
Cafeteria diets
greatly reduce consumption. maintain consumption at baseline levels. are those in which several palatable foods are available. are inherently less healthy. increase sensory-specific satiety. |
are those in which several palatable foods are available.
|
|
|
One of the first studies of the physiology of hunger was that of Cannon and Washburn (1912). They found that:
subjective feelings of hunger are associated with stomach contractions. subjective feelings of hunger are associated with eating. stomach contractions are associated with high blood glucose levels. stomach contractions are associated with eating. eating is associated with high blood glucose levels. |
subjective feelings of hunger are associated with stomach contractions.
|
|
|
The EEG of a cerveau isolé is desynchronized only during
sleep. wakefulness. intense visual or olfactory stimuli. all of the above both A and C |
intense visual or olfactory stimuli.
|
|
|
In Kleitman's classic studies of sleep deprivation, student volunteers grew steadily more __________ as the period of deprivation grew longer.
sleepy incapable of performing intelligence tests unable to stay awake all of the above none of the above |
none of the above
|
|
|
Melatonin appears to be effective in treating:
insomnia that results from a melatonin deficiency. hypersomnia. insomnia that results from the failure of light to serve as a zeitgeber in blind patients. both A and C both B and C |
both A and C
|
|
|
Most studies and personal experiences of sleep deprivation are confounded by
stress. dreaming. energy deficits. circadian rhythms. sleep walking. |
stress
|
|
|
According to the text, which theory of sleep does the best job of explaining why there are such large differences in the amount of time that the members of various mammalian species spend sleeping?
recuperative theory Freudian theory adaptation theory activation-synthesis theory sandman theory |
adaptation theory
|
|
|
Which of the following animals spend about 14 hours per day sleeping?
cows horses giant sloths cats deer |
cats
|
|
|
In the entire week after being totally deprived of sleep for 11 days, Randy Gardner slept a total of about __________ hours more than usual.
6 18 22 34 54 |
6
|
|
|
Each cycle of sleep during the night tends to be about
5 minutes long. 20 minutes long. 35 minutes long. 90 minutes long. 140 minutes long. |
90 minutes long.
|
|
|
Which of the following is a causal factor in some cases of insomnia?
sleeping pills sleep apnea nocturnal myoclonus restless legs all of the above |
all of the above
|
|
|
Theories postulating that sleep permits the body to recover from internal deficits produced by wakefulness are often referred to as:
adaptation theories. recuperation theories. free-running theories. circadian theories. diurnal theories. |
recuperation theories.
|
|
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In one study, 8 volunteers reduced their sleep by 30 minutes per night until they did not want to reduce it further. A major finding was that:
4 managed to reduce their sleep to 5 hours per night. 2 managed to reduce their sleep to 4.5 hours per night. the volunteers began to experience significant daytime sleepiness once they had reduced their sleep to 6 hours or less per night. the volunteers were still sleeping between 7 and 18 hours less per week when they were tested 1 year later. all of the above |
all of the above
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The pineal gland is located on the midline just below the posterior portion of the
Question 19 options: corpus callosum. hypothalamus. cerebellum. amygdala. hippocampus. |
corpus callosum.
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The association of REM sleep and dreaming was discovered in the early 1950s in the laboratory of
Siegel. Kleitman. Mistlberger. Meddis. Freud. |
Kleitman
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The first mammalian circadian gene to have its structure characterized was
tau. clock. alarm. circa. circada |
clock
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