Final Exam Poli Sci 221

Front 1

Terrorism

Back 1

The illegitimate use of violence by sub-state actors to inspire fear by attacking civilians or symbolic targets. This is done for drawing widespread attention to grievance, provoking a severe response or wearing down opponents moral.

Front 2

Jihad

Back 2

Arabic: struggle

1. Internal struggle to be a better Muslim

2. Societal struggle to closer align with the Koran

3. Call to arms to wage war in self-defense of Islamic community

Front 3

Dual-Use Technology

Back 3

Civilian and military use; create energy, medical purposes, or WMD

Front 4

Nuclear Deterrence

Back 4

the concept of owning the NW: stability-instability paradox. use of nuclear weapons for security

Front 5

Stability-Instability Paradox

Back 5

Nuclear powers feel safe from large-scale attacks and so feel free to engage in low-scale provocations

Front 6

6 Reasons Why States Acquire the Bomb

Back 6

1. Psychological - leader's conception of state identity

2. Security - increase national security

3.Norms - symbol of state identity

4.Political-Economy - economic incentives

5.Strategic Cultural -

6. Domestic Politics - parochial domestic and bureaucratic interests

Front 7

Nuclear Postures

Back 7

1. Catalytic Posture - (Israel) - requires defense via third party against aggression

2. Assured Retaliation - (China + India) - deter future attacks by guaranteeing retaliation through surviving weapons => transparent strategy

3. Asymmetrical Escalation - (France + Pakistan) - any aggression or conventional attack will be escalated to the use of nuclear weapons as defense.

Front 8

Horizontal Proliferation

Back 8

The spread of nuclear weapons to new countries

Front 9

Vertical Proliferation

Back 9

NWS increasing arsenal of NW

Front 10

Ecological Footprint

Back 10

used to demonstrate the load placed upon the Earth's carrying capacity by individuals or nations. Estimates the area of productive land or aqua-system required to sustain a population at its specified standard of living

Front 11

Global Environmental Governance

Back 11

corpus of international agreements and organizations but sometimes has a more specialized meaning of governance by NGOs and private bodies.

Front 12

Poverty

Back 12

Situation suffered by people who do not have enough money to buy food and satisfy basic material needs.

Situation where people cannot meet their material and non-material needs

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Power

Back 13

ability of political actor to achieve its goals.

Front 14

Capacity Building

Back 14

providing funds and technical training to allow developing countries to participate in global environmental governance

Front 15

G8

Back 15

France, Germany, UK, US, Canada, Japan, Italy, Russia

Semi-formal collaborations conducted at annual meetings about global economic problems.

Front 16

Global Financial Crisis

Back 16

Asian Financial Crisis -1997/1998

Sub-prime Crisis USA 2008

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PIIGS Situation

Back 17

Countries whose economies relied on real-estate / trade in mortgage backed securities (both discredited).

They borrowed money on international credit by selling gov. backed bonds.

Front 18

TROIKA

Back 18

1. IMF

2. EU Commission

3. European Central Bank (Euro)

Front 19

Austerity

Back 19

State of reduced spending and increased frugality in financial sector. Measures taken by governments to reduce growing budget deficits.

Front 20

Foreign Direct Investments

Back 20

investment made by one company/individual based on one country into another country. Typically have a significant degree of control or influence.

Front 21

Currency Markets

Back 21

foreign exchange markets: purely private sector arrangements for buying and selling currency, has capability to displace government financial plans (Mitterand U-Turn). There is no public oversight over what trades are made nor how much.

Front 22

Speculation in Currencies

Back 22

1. Bet placed on power of private financial institutions on their personal contortion of the movement of relative currency.

2. Bet placed against governments ability to maintain monetary policy -> transition of power to financial institutions

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WTO

Back 23

Permanent institution covering services, intellectual property and investment issues as well as trade.

Front 24

GATT

Back 24

Global Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: mechanism for countries to reduce trade barriers through multi-lateral negotiations.

Front 25

Most Favored Nation

Back 25

Any preferential trade agreement reached with one country should be extended to others

aim: ensure uniformity of trading regulationsIM

Front 26

IMF

Back 26

provided extensive technical assistance and short term loans to members experiencing distressed public finances

Front 27

IMF vs World Bank

Back 27

IMF: short term loans to struggling countries

World Bank: loan term monetary assistance to countries seeking development prospects

Front 28

Conditionalities

Back 28

neo-liberal policy requirements imposed by IMF/World Bank

1. neo-liberal policy in character - give countries loan based on following conditionalities.

2. Politically imposing on state autonomy: overrides electoral mandates with policies imposed

Front 29

Problems with Conditionalities

Back 29

1. Neo-liberal: gives countries loans based on promises to follow policies

2. Politically imposing on state autonomy: forces override of electoral mandates with policies imposed

3. Allows IMF and World Bank to choose policies in developing world (personal interest) - Western Free market capitalism

Front 30

Market Self-Regulation:

Back 30

system where financial systems are allowed to regulate themselves on the basis of price signals within markets.

Front 31

Society of States

Back 31

An association of sovereign states based on their common interests, values and norms.

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Tyrannical States

Back 32

States where sovereign government is massively abusing the human rights of its citizens, engaging in mass killings, ethnic cleansing, war crimes or genocide.

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Unilateral Humanitarian Intervention

Back 33

Military intervention for humanitarian purposes which is undertaken without the express authorization of the UN Security Council (legal)

Front 34

Common humanity

Back 34

human rights based on virtue of common humanity, with these rights generating correlative moral duties of individuals and states (moral)

Front 35

Selectivity:

Back 35

agreed moral principle is at stake in more than one situation, but national interest dictates a divergence of response.

Front 36

Bretton Wood

Back 36

based on government intervention to direct flow of global trade and finance: created IMF and World Bank

Front 37

Toxic Assets

Back 37

West banks bought large stocks of mortgage-backed securities at high-prices, and then the market for trading these securities evaporated

Front 38

Problems of GATT

Back 38

1. didn't always succeed b/c of emergence of regional economic blocks (separate with unblocked countries)

2. Cumberstone process - mounted to serious division of economic prosperity worldwide

Front 39

Robing Hood Tax + Volcker Rule

Back 39

1. Robin Hood Tax: a small tax on financial transactions, raising revenues to fund other projects

2. Volcker Rule: separation of investment and commercial banking

Front 40

Ways of Finding Terrorism

Back 40

1. Anti-Terrorist Legislation Laws - laws that criminalize terrorist activities

2. Surveillance - track terrorists - physically and virtually

3. Capture, Detention, Criminal Prosecution - apprehend, detain (either by state of 3rd party), torture and prosecute

4. Targeted Killings - physical elimination of terrorist by remote or direct means

5. Root Causes - activities designed to eliminate economic, cultural and political causes of terrorism

Front 41

4 Common Elements of Terrorism

Back 41

1. All use violence

2. All use violence for political aim

3. Level of violence employed is lethal but symbolic

4. Violence confirms weakness

Front 42

Critiques of Fighting Terrorism

Back 42

1. Anti-terrorist legislation: restrict civil liberties - due process, privacy

2. Surveillance - privacy breach

3. Capture, Detention, Criminal Prosecution: human rights violation, international law violatt

Front 43

Bretton Woods

Back 43

1. Example of embedded economic policy

2. first example of monetary orders intended to monitor monetary relations among independent nations.

3. monetary policy (gold standard) - that maintained the exchange rate by tying currency to gold

Front 44

Bond Markets

Back 44

financial markets where participants can issue new debt- debt instrument

Front 45

derivatives contract

Back 45

contract that derives its value from the performance of an underlying identity - mortgage backed securities - relies its conditionalities for the contract on price signals