Final Exam For History Of Rock

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Minstrelsy

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Created blackness as a commodity/ Turning away from european standards.

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R&B

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1940/ Post war zeitgeist/ Massive migration and higher economy, new youth market/ Technology started coming in, radio in 50 and TV/overdub and multitracks "R&B is one resulting backlash to industry infighting "

-extreme fractionalization of music styles, demographics
-struggle for record companies to control industry
-men behind artists becoming powerful
-controlling aspects of music development
-too much money at stake in wake of mass media opportunities

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BMI

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formed to challenge the monopoly of ASCAP/ after ascap strike in41 rise of BMI

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Nat King Cole

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- Father pastor of Baptist church
- Jazz pianist
- Biggest crossover artist of era
-14 top hits (sentimental ballads with orchestral arr)
- radio show, television show, carried Capital records

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Jump Blues

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First successful crossover genre
-boogie woogie/swing based

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Louis Jordan (1908–75)

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• Led the most famous jump band, The Tympany Five
• Arkansas-born saxophone player and singer
• The first jump band musician to appeal to a mass audience
• Flamboyant style and humorous lyrics
• His ensemble setup—two trumpets, two saxophones, bass, piano, and drums—became the standard for R&B
Jump Blues
Inhabits middle ground between smoother jazz, blues and r&b
-No jazz love
-No pop love

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R & B Styles 1945 – 1959

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• Jump Band (Swing jazz, Boogie Woogie)
• New Orleans (Afro-Cuban)
• Electric Blues (Country Blues)
• Doo Wop (Gospel

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The Dominoes

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- most responsible for moving away from the pop-oriented sound of the Mills Brothers
– created a harder-edged sound more closely linked to black gospel music

“Have Mercy Baby” (1952)
-the twelve-bar blues form
– the driving beat of dance-oriented R&B
– the intensely emotional flavor of black gospel singing

60 minute man

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Alan Lomax 1915-2002

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''American Ballads and Folk Songs'' was published in 1934
''Negro Folk Songs as Sung by Leadbelly'' (1936)
''Cowboy Songs'' (1937)
''Our Singing Country'' (1938)
''Folk Songs: USA'' (1946)

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T-Bone Walker

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- Texas born electric blues musician
- pioneered use of electric guitar
- influenced every blues and rock guitarist after him
- set the template for the rock guitar solo and the guitar “hero

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Muddy Waters

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• “Discovered” in the Mississippi Delta by Alan Lomax in 1941
• Moved to Chicago in 1943
• Played both acoustic and electric slide guitar
• The single greatest influence on the British blues boom in the 1960s

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Fats Domino

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- French 1st language
- boogie woogie piano
- r&b singer until Pat Boone covers “Aint that a Shame” in ‘55
- horns, guitar, piano and voice all working in the same register
- constant triplets in right hand on the piano (doo wop)
- suggests a “faster than beat” layer of rhythm

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Bo Diddley

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• Latin Tinged R & B
• Afro-Cuban rhythms first in New Orleans
• Often feature a repeating rhythmic pattern that includes some asymmetry
• 1st to have a woman guitarist (Peggy Jones-Lady Bo, Norma Jean Wofford-Duchess, Cornelia Redmond)
• Used custom shaped guitars

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Radio

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1920 - 3 stations, Detroit, Pitt, NJ
1922 - 564 stations
1926 - radio networks ABC, NBC, CBS, Mutual
• Creates American identity by connecting small town to big city

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Ralph Peer

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: publisher, visionary
-Peer/Okeh set paradigm for indie labels
-Pioneered “location” recording field trips for race records
-Invented market niche for hillbilly music

1923: Fiddlin John Carson, first “hillbilly” recording

WLS Chicago
• National Barn Dance 1924-68
WSM Nashville
• Grand Ole Opry 1925 -

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Jimmie Rodgers

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- 1st star of country
- 111 songs, died at 37 of TB
- Unique debt to black music
- Single handedly inspired a whole musical genre that became honky-tonk
(Hank Williams and Willie Nelson)
- Retired to Kerrville, TX (world famous folk festival)
- Lived and behaved like star until Depression
- Recorded with violins, banjos, Hawaiian steel guitars, ukuleles, jazz bands
Blue yodels

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Sheet music

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expansion of music publishers’ catalogs
-affordable home pianos
-access to public performance
(copyright legislation)
1910 - 30 million in sales in US

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Phonograp

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– 1877 (Thomas Edison)
1899 – Home model is $7.50/2 minute wax cylinder is $.50
(cylinders not mass reproducible)
1908 – cylinders replaced by discs

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Marshall McLuhan

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different media, especially the broad categories delineated by oral, written and electronic modes of transmission, have intrinsic properties that condition diverse forms of consciousness and culture

“the medium is the message”-in that we said information is no longer the product itself it is more about use value(what a product meant in terms of what you can get out of it) and exchange value(commodity value that we assign to it that it doesn’t really have internally(like buying concert tickets and the music affects you and you are satisfied- but if you just went to say you went that is the exchange value

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Walter Benjamin

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- mechanical reproduction drastically changes the status of the work of art, by destroying the ‘aura’ of the unique, authentic object.
- first to talk about mchanical reproduction minesis theorist

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Theodor Adorno

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mass production is an adjunct of the main ideological function of the ‘culture industries’ (including the music industry) in late capitalism, namely tying standardized products to equally standardized consumer (listener) responses; this maximizes profits (homogenized pieces can reach huge markets) and keeps people in their place.
-regressive listening,
-death of autonomous art, truth value
-teleology
"first philosipher of mass pop culture"

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Mark Slobin

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The best overall model, then, may be some sort of network of levels of activity, continuously evolving in shape and dynamics, such as the matrix of (global) ‘superculture’, (local) ‘subculture’ and (cross-cutting) ‘interculture’

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How to define Popular

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Scale of activity – consumption
Dissemination – mass media
Social group – mass audience/working class
Economic support – state, commercial

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Schizophonia

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acts by tearing the sound away from its original performance, becoming de-contextualized from the processes, forms and participations that could give it meaning within a local community.

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Schismogenenesis

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, refers to “progressive differentiation through cumulative interaction and reaction”. These cycles may be dissimilar, complementary, symbiotic or distorting, but always escalatory. In Feld’s model, then, “the discourse of authenticity becomes more militant and nativistic, more complicated, and more particularized to specific interest and taste groups, the activities of appropriation get more overt and outrageous, as well as more subtle, legally sanctioned, accepted, and taken-for-granted”.

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Subaltern

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- outside the perspective of the hegemonic power structure
-from postcolonial studies (marginalized)
-limited access to the cultural imperialism

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Hegemony

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- process by which power over a subordinate group is gained and maintained by some degree of consent

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Stephen Foster

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1st American composer of name to forge individual style
Oh! Susanna
My Old Kentucky Home
Beautiful Dreamer
Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair (40s swing, 60s sitcom

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Boogie Woogie

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– barrelhouse/two-fisted piano
-solo piano
-bass patterns outline harmony
-riffs and rhythmic drive
-shuffle and 4-beat close to rock

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John Hammond

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– Record producer, talent scout, critic

“I heard no color line in the music....To bring recognition to the negro’s supremacy in jazz was the most effective and constructive form of social protest I could think of.”

Fletcher Henderson
Benny Goodman (arranged FH merger)
Billie Holiday
Count Basie

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Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys

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- Combined with elements from big-band swing
- including call-and-response riffs
- instruments such as trumpets, saxophones, drum set

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George Gershwin 1898- 1937

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son of immigrant, songwriter, tried to bridge the gap between pop music and art music, European classical music is what he studied, quality and quantity,

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Ragtime

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1880s decent of minstrelsy white musicians used elements of Africans musical styles to spice up performances but it also represented a more intimate engagement.. to rag meant to shift melodic accents onto the offbeats… also influenced by the Cuban habanero

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Bessie Smithe

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the empress of blues vaudeville and tent shows(so was ma) “St. Louis Blues” interpretation of handy’s an early crossove

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Louis Armstrong (1901-1971

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)- solo instrumentation, influenced the development of mainstream popular singing 1920-30. Set basis for swing. Started “scatting” “hello dolly” oldest person to score a hit with it. ‘what a wonderful world”

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Swing era

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the swing era was a revival, complete with youth oriented television advertisement(this was after the GD) 1935-1945 big bands in swing(mentioned later) were hot. Not really any improvisation usually broadcasted from swing halls

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Big Mama Thorton

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1926-84- Alabama daughter of a minister all around badass at music. Powerfull voice “you aint nothing but a hound dog” her and brown both performed songs that were done by women but guys did them too