Final Exam Bio 108

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Reefs (made out of)

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-organic
-calcium carbonate (secreting animals and plants
-limestone

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Phylum

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Cnidaria

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Polyp

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-individual coral
-secrets protective excoskeleton of calcium carbonate called a corolite
-saitary or colony
-colonial species give rise to coral reefs

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Hermatype

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-zooxanthella
-reef builders
-colonial
-shallow, tropical seas

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Ahermatypic

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-non-reef building
-not limited to shallow or warm water
-some in polar seas

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Clamete

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moon

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planula

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forms from fertilized egg of medusa

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metamorphosis

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-butterflies

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coral nutrition

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tentacles capture prey

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neumatocysts

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-stinging cless

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symbiotic zooxanthellae

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photosynthetic dinoflagellates
-provides oxygen and organic materials
-remove the corals waste products
-enhance the skeleton formation

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-mesenterial filaments

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-digestive enzymes
-through mouth or body wall
-absorb food

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dissolved organic material

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from water

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Reefs (characteristics)

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-nutrients levels are low
-coral reefs are highly productive environments
-zooxanthellae obtain nutrients from coral waste products.
-material recycled
-complex structure provides niches

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-coraline red algae

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bind and stabalize reefs
grazed extensively

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where are coral reefs located

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between 30*n and 30*s

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growth determined by

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-water >20*c
-salinity
-water clarity
-nutrient levels

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el nino

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warm water
coral bleaching

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high nutrients

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europhication
-algae bloom

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atoll reef

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ring like coral island and reef nearly or entirely encloses a lagoon

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symbiotic zooxanthellae

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photosynthetic dinoflagellates
-provides oxygen and organic materials
-remove the corals waste products
-enhance the skeleton formation

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-mesenterial filaments

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-digestive enzymes
-through mouth or body wall
-absorb food

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dissolved organic material

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from water

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Reefs

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-nutrients levels are low
-coral reefs are highly productive environments
-zooxanthellae obtain nutrients from coral waste products.
-material recycled
-complex structure provides niches

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-coraline red algae

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bind and stabalize reefs
grazed extensively

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where are coral reefs located

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between 30*n and 30*s

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growth determined by

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-water >20*c
-salinity
-water clarity
-nutrient levels

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el nino

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warm water
coral bleaching

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high nutrients

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europhication
-algae bloom

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atoll reef

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ring like coral island and reef nearly or entirely encloses a lagoon

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Barriers

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a long narrow, ridge of coral or rock parallel to and relatively near a coastline, separated from the coastline by a lagoon too deep for coral growth

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Fringing reef

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-a coral reef form close to shoreline

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Theory of atoll origin

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-Charles Darwin 1830's

-Proposed that an atoll began as a fringing reef around a volcanic island

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Reef Anatomy

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-wave action

-surface waves are intense, so corals from thin encrusting sheets

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Epipelagic

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-photic zone (-500 ft)

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Mesopelagic

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-dim light

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Deep Sea

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-no light

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Zooplankton- example

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krill (photophores)
ostrocods
jellyfish
siphonophores
combjellies
squid (photophores)

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Fish

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-small
-Bristlemouths (cyclothone & laternfish)

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fish adaptations

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-transparent
-small size
-large mouth
-hinged & extendible jaw
-huge

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counter illuminateion

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-similar to countershading
-break up silhouette

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Bathypelagic

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-deep sea (top)

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Abyssopelagic

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-deep sea (middle)

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Hadal

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-deep sea (lower)

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Conditions

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-cold & dark (red or gray)
-stable

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Biolum

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-attract prey
-communication

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deep sea eyes ___

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small or blind

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most common deap sea fish

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anglers & bristle mouths